Current issue
- Title:
- VESTNIK 1 (41) 2025
- Number:
- 1
- Year:
- 2025
- Date publication on the site:
- 2025-05-21 09:32:10
- Full journal in PDF:
-
Content all 10
The rise from the “Strategic depth”: The reasons for the change of Turkey's foreign policy course in 2015
UDC: 94 (470.57)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Alim M. Abidulin ; Alexander P. Kobyakov ;
From the founding of the Turkish Republic in 1923 until Recep Tayyip Erdogan's party came to power in the country, Ankara adhered to the principles of the “six arrows” of Kemalism. Namely, the electability of the supreme power, the preservation of political nationalism, nationality, the secular nature of power, the construction and further preservation of a mixed economy system and the fight against the remnants of the old society. Kemalism focused on the narrower interests of the national state, abandoning concern for the “external Turks”, the Turkic peoples living outside Turkey, and in its political development was oriented towards the West. The formation of a unipolar system of international relations, new challenges and problems in the economic, political, social and energy spheres, largely led to the fact that the political elite came up with the idea of reorienting the country's course. Ahmet Davutoglu, who came to power as part of Erdogan's team as Prime Minister in 2015, tried to implement the concept of a balanced foreign policy, according to the concept he developed and outlined in the monograph “Strategic Depth”. But already in 2016, after an attempted military coup in Turkey and a series of border conflicts, his concept finally lost its relevance, giving way to Erdogan's new ideas. In 2019, they were supplemented by a new doctrine “Blue Homeland”, developed by the former Chief of Staff of the Naval Forces, Rear Admiral Jihad Yayci together with Admiral Cem Gurdeniz. In this article, we will consider the formation of a new foreign policy course for Turkey, the reasons for the emergence of the concept of “strategic depth” in the 21st century, as well as its rejection. Purpose: to study the reasons for the refusal of the Turkish political leadership to pursue politics and soft power. The scientific novelty lies consists in the fact that various approaches of the Turkish leadership to the implementation of Turkey’s foreign policy are considered in a comprehensive manner. In the course of the research, a systematic analysis and a historical method were used.
On some features of the evolution of Soviet propaganda during the Great Patriotic War
UDC: 93/94
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Alim M. Abidulin ; Andrei V. Fokin;
This article is devoted to the evolution of Soviet propaganda during the Great Patriotic War. The main focus is on the correlation of the efforts of the party and the government to change the worldview of Soviet society in conditions of war and peace. Purpose: identification of the features of the evolution of Soviet propaganda during the Great Patriotic War. As the basis of the research, the author takes Lenin's definition of ideology as a “picture of the world” of a certain class, formed and offered to it by the “avant-garde”, the party. The main sources are, first of all, the speeches and speeches of I. V. Stalin, as the leader of the party and the state, who formulated the main provisions that later formed the basis of the ideological “picture”. The most resonant orders of the Supreme High Command are analyzed. Another group of sources are the memoirs and memoirs of citizens of the USSR, which allow us to assess the degree of effectiveness of party ideological work, as well as the diary entries of those fighters of the “pen and word” who implemented the course of the party and the government. As the study shows, the country's leadership manages to quickly construct the foundations of a new worldview system, however, some provisions formed in the pre-war period had a negative impact on society's perception of military realities. Some narratives of the first months of the war showed a short-term effect, but later lost their potential. An example of this kind of statement was the explanation of the failures of the Red Army in the first months of the war by surprise attacks. This could have justified the defeats of 1941, but the catastrophe of the summer of 1942 required a different understanding of the causes of what was happening. It is concluded that the Soviet party and ideological machine, despite a number of failures in building a wartime ideology, was able to “work on mistakes” in the initial period of the war and, at the final stage of the war, worked “ahead of the curve”, flexibly drawing new details of the ideological “picture” as the situation changed.
Russian Administration in the Kingdom of Poland: some aspects of ensuring state and public security (1860‒1870s)
UDC: 93/94
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Sergey V. Ananyev;
This article examines the activities of local authorities in the Kingdom of Poland (since 1874 ‒ Privislinsky Territory) of the Russian Empire in the 1866-1870s to ensure public and state security. The purpose of the author of the article is to analyze the activities of the local administration to level the threats to internal security in the Polish provinces of the Russian Empire, which posed the greatest potential danger among all regions of the state in connection with the severity of national, confessional, social and other issues that existed there. To achieve this goal, an analysis of unpublished documents from the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Historical Archive, as well as published materials was carried out. The subject of the study is the policy of local authorities in the field of ensuring state and public security in the region. The features of the personnel policy pursued in the Polish provinces, the unification of management, administrative reforms, measures for Russification, as well as a set of protective measures are listed. The work uses retrospective, problem-chronological, historical-comparative, as well as general scientific research methods. The conclusions are based on data from archival sources, memoirs of contemporaries of events and a number of modern researchers of the problem. This study deepens the information available in Russian historiography on this issue. Based on the study, conclusions are drawn about the reasons for the unresolved problems of the final integration of the region into the structure of the Russian state in the period under review.
Contemporaries about the living conditions of the Tatar enlightener Kayum Nasyri
UDC: 37:27(470.41-25)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Ildus K. Zagidullin;
The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the memoirs of contemporaries about Kayum Nasyri, which narrates the living conditions of the Tatar enlightener in the late 1870s – 1902. The main historical research methods are comparative historical and source synthesis. The research was based on documents deposited in the enlightener's archive and the memoirs of his contemporaries about K.Fill up. Only three memoirs describing his life in the 1870s and early 1880s have been preserved. Most of his memoirs date back to the mid-1890s and 1902, when Tatar students became interested in the enlightener of advanced age. In the late 1870s. Nasyri appears to be a completely respectable man who took care of his appearance, wearing expensive clothes in which European and traditional styles and tailoring were mixed, moving through the streets of Kazan in the summer in a European manner with an umbrella in his hands; a person who valued his time very much and tried not to be distracted by everyday problems and everyday fuss; a cabinet-type scientist, he did not seek active communication and even avoided social events of Muslims in the Tatar suburbs of the city. In the memoirs of contemporaries of the mid-1890s, dramatic changes in Nasyri's clothes were recorded. Due to his bachelor lifestyle and constant employment, Nasyri did not pay enough attention to his appearance. The memoirs recorded such traits of the Enlightener's character as unpretentiousness in everyday life and self-restraint in contacts with the outside world, commitment to his work. The memoirs of contemporaries, relating to the last decade of the enlightener's life, formed stereotypes about Nasyri as a person who constantly suffered from lack of money, lived in cramped conditions and in isolation. The article reveals the reasons for such a one-sided view of the living conditions and lifestyle of the Tatar educator.
Military training of the population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the period July ‒ December 1941 in the Osoaviakhim system
UDC: 355.233.11(571.51) «1941»
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Oleg N. Kalinin;
An important element of increasing the country's defense capability is the creation and accumulation of a mobilization human reserve in peacetime, staffed primarily by citizens staying in reserve. At the same time, the experience of the Great Patriotic War strongly demonstrates the need for mass military training of the population, conducted not only in advance, but also during the war itself. During the war in the USSR, this task was assigned to the Society for Assistance to Defense, Aviation and Chemical Construction (Osoaviakhim). The purpose of the work is to clarify the main directions and quantitative indicators of the activities of the Osoaviakhim system of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the preparation of a military-trained reserve for the Red Army in the first months of the Great Patriotic War. The main historical sources in the research process were the written materials of the F.P-26 foundation of the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: memos, references, reports, information on the work of Osoaviakhim. It is concluded that in the period July ‒ October 1941, in the region, under the conditions of mass mobilization of the military-liable male population, the Osoviakhim system was being rebuilt to solve wartime problems. By virtue of the resolutions adopted by the Government of the USSR on June 2 and September 17, 1941, the main activity of the defense society focused on universal compulsory military training (vsevobuch) and mandatory training of the population for air defense. At the same time, the previously issued control tasks for the training of rifle personnel were significantly increased. Due to the organizational difficulties that had arisen, by the end of 1941, the Osoaviakhim system in the Krasnoyarsk Territory was unable to fully fulfill the large-scale task of training rifle personnel and educating the population under the Air defense program.
Galician movement of the National Renaissance period in Galicia in the second half of the 19 – beginning of the 20 century
UDC: 172.15:94(460.11)”19”
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Maksim V. Kirchanov;
The purpose of this study is to analyse the development of early Galician nationalism of the 19th century through the prism of the history of the National Renaissance. Methodologically, the article is based on the principles of interdisciplinary historiography of nationalism, which allows us to analyse early Galician nationalism as a social, intellectual, political or cultural movement. The author analyses the problems of the early history of Galician nationalism, believing that the activity of Renaissance figures significantly influenced the subsequent stages in the history of Galicia as a region. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of the history of the National Renaissance as a form of nationalism in Galicia. The article analyses 1) the main problems of the history of nationalism during the Renaissance, 2) its role in the transformation of the ideology and practices of Galician nationalism, 3) the features of the political programme proposed by the activists of the Renaissance, 4) the role of the Renaissance in the development of Galician ethnicity, including language and culture, 5) the place of the Renaissance in the general logic of the history of the Galician nationalist movement as a prerequisite for the further radicalization and activation of nationalism in Galicia. The article also shows the role of the Galician Renaissance as an early form of the history of an active nationalist movement in Galicia. The results of the study suggest that the activities of the leaders of the national Renaissance created the conditions and prerequisites for the subsequent development of Galician nationalism.
The problems of evacuation of industrial equipment from Moscow factories to the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the creation of large enterprises during the Great Patriotic War
UDC: 94 (470.343)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Olga A. Koshkina; Pavel O. Lekhanov ;
The article examines the issues of the evacuation of military production facilities to the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the Great Patriotic War, focusing on the experience of plants no. 297 and 298, created, among other things, on the basis of evacuated equipment from Moscow enterprises. The purpose of the study is to study the regional features and problems of evacuation, ways to solve the problem of launching evacuated enterprises based on local infrastructure and resources. The materials of the State Archive of the Republic of Mari El are used as the main sources. A systematic approach to the study of the evacuation process made it possible to establish its connection with other events of that time and trace their mutual influence. The methodology, based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, ensured the reliability of the analysis. The analysis shows that, despite certain pre-war investments in the Mari industry, the region faced serious difficulties in locating and launching evacuated enterprises. The shortage of production facilities, equipment, skilled workers, materials and resources, including electricity and food, significantly slowed down the development of production facilities. The article also discusses the measures taken to overcome these problems. The evacuation of industry to the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic took place in conditions of an acute shortage of resources and infrastructure. The initial problems were successfully overcome. As a result, plants No. 297 and 298 made a significant contribution to the supply of the Red Army. Moreover, they became the basis for post-war industrial development, remaining important for the region at the present time.
Stakhovich as a source for studying the events of the Civil War in Siberia and Transbaikalia
UDC: 930.2
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Alexey K. Lagunov;
The article examines the peculiarities of perception of the events of the Civil War in Siberia and Transbaikalia by A.A. Stakhovich. The author's biography is reconstructed using published and unpublished sources. The factors that could influence the formation of the memoirist's interests in history are considered, which could be the motive for composing memoirs. Attention is drawn to the discrepancies in the information about the biography of the memoirist in the surviving sources and their explanation is given. Such an example is information about the injury of a memoirist on the fronts of the First World War, expressed by him in private correspondence, but not confirmed among the surviving sources. The article examines the archaeological features and differences between the publications of this source in 1959, 1997 and 2023. The conclusion of this analysis is the fact that the most complete combined publication of the memoirs was published in 1997. The memoirs tell about the expedition of former officers of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment from the South of Russia to Omsk to Admiral A.V. Kolchak in order to revive the Preobrazhensky Regiment in Siberia. The memoirs describe the service of officers in the Kolchak troops. Attention is focused on the events in the village of Stefanovka, where mutinous soldiers killed most of their commanders. Thus, this source has unique information about the course of the Preobrazhentsy expedition to Siberia and their service in the ranks of Admiral Kolchak's army. However, the global events of the Eastern Front and Transbaikalia are little reflected in the memoirs. This feature is explained by the time the source was written, as well as the task of highlighting the activities of the Preobrazhentsy in Siberia, from which the memoirist proceeded.
The Bible in the service of planters: religious justification of slavery in the Southern United States
UDC: 94
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Andrey V. Taigildin;
The American Civil War of 1861‒1865 became one of the most important events in American history. The sides of the conflict were the free and industrial North and the slave-owning agricultural South. The causes of the conflict were numerous factors, among which are political – the South defended the rights of the states, economic – the southern states were against protectionist policies, and social – the southern states were slave-owning. Slavery was the most important feature of the region because an entire unique region with its own cultural characteristics was formed around a special institution. However, for the 19th century, slavery was already a kind of moral anachronism, and the idea of abolitionism was spreading among intellectuals, politicians, religious figures, etc. Nevertheless, slavery was economically beneficial in the South, therefore, throughout the pre-war period, southerners tried to justify a special institution. The purpose of this article is to show how Southerners used the Bible to justify slavery. The objective of this article is to show how Southerners used the Bible to justify slavery. While preparing of this article were used numerous sources: resolutions of church assemblies on the issue of slavery; the works of slavery advocates such as Richard Furman, Thomas Roderick Dew, George McDuffie, James Henley Thornwell and others; articles and sermons by some abolitionists – James Birney and Stephen Foster. Based on the analysis of the sources, it was concluded that Southerners actively used the Bible to justify slavery. They found passages from the Holy Scriptures that regulated slavery. Moreover, Southern ideologists paid attention to the fact that the Bible does not teaches that slavery is a sin or an evil. These arguments became one of the foundations of the Southern pre-war ideology.
On some issues related to the activities of branches and representative offices of international non-governmental organizations in the field of civil society support
UDC: 342
Section: LAW
Authors: Marina S. Savchenko; Oleg N. Malinovsky; Andrey V. Cheshin; Vitaly V. Goncharov;
The existence and development of a modern state, the strengthening of its independence and national sovereignty are not possible without a strong civil society in the country, which is constantly developing and improving. An important condition for the development of civil society is the presence of constant support from citizens of the state, legal entities (primarily numerous non–governmental non-profit organizations), the state, international governmental and non-governmental organizations. International non-governmental organizations can provide support in the development of civil society institutions in individual national states both directly (for example, by sending volunteers, humanitarian assistance, providing organizational, legal, logistical assistance to various civil society institutions) and through the activities of their branches and representative offices opened in these countries in accordance with their legislation. In the course of the scientific research, a number of methods were used, in particular: dialectical; formal-logical; historical-legal; comparative-legal; statistical; sociological; method of analyzing specific legal situations. The activities of branches and representative offices of international non-governmental organizations in the field of civil society support have their pros and cons. Among the advantages, it can be noted that their activities are organized in accordance with national legislation (this facilitates control over it by both public authorities and civil society institutions), and the location of the governing bodies of branches and representative offices geographically coincides with the place of their activities. The disadvantages include the fact that the real goals of creating the above-mentioned branches and representative offices in practice, as a rule, do not correspond to those stated in the constituent documents, the sources of financing of such structures are not clear and in most cases foreign or transnational. In addition, these branches and representative offices are actively used as an instrument of pressure on the apparatus of public authority and even civil society in order to adjust the domestic and foreign policies of the States of their location.