VESTNIK 1 (29) 2022
- Title:
- VESTNIK 1 (29) 2022
- Number:
- 1
- Year:
- 2022
- Date publication on the site:
- 2022-05-27 08:21:47
- Full journal in PDF:
-
Content all 10
Features of the sermons of the parish Muslim clergy of the Volga-Kama region at the beginning of the ХХ centu-ry
UDC: 281.93/94 История
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Rashid I. Amishov;
The proposed article is devoted to the peculiarities of sermons and instructions of the parish Muslim clergy of the Tatars of the Middle Volga region at the beginning of the 20th century. They had different forms, styles, meaning of content depending on the personality of the clergyman and external conditions and circumstances. In meaning, they were of religious and moral content, but could go beyond them, relating to the areas of agricul-ture, medicine, everyday life, etc. Successful, authoritative clergy constantly improved their intellectual level, not limited to the knowledge gained in the madrasah, through books, communication with scientists, reading news-papers, magazines and spoke on topical topics of concern to their parishioners. The parish clergy often per-formed sermons at Friday worship, before collective prayers (especially before day and night prayers), during re-ligious rituals (rites) at parishioners’ homes related to naming, nikakh (wedding), funerals, housewarming and others, during the mejsis (meetings) associated with breaking the fast in the month of Ramadan, Eid al-Adha, Mawlid (the day, month of birth of the Prophet Muhammad) and various religious holidays. The object of this study is the Muslim clergy of the Middle Volga region of the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The subject is their activity, and the goal is the reconstruction and disclosure of their preaching activity. The author reveals his work on the basis of the source base: materials of the National archive of the Republic of Tatarstan, publication of pre-revolutionary newspapers, magazines “Akhbar”, “Yoldyz”, “Doña Ve Megyyshet”, “Bayan Is Scarlet-hakk”, “Meglumat”, “Urnek”, “Koyash”, “Val's Ad Dynes Edeb”, “Foreign Review”, works of ortho-dox missionaries G. S. Sablukov, E. A. Malov, M. A. Mashanov and notes by modern researchers, historians I. K. Zagidullin, I. Marash, A. V. Mukhametshina, D. R. Gilmutdinov. The research methodology is based on the principles of objectivity, determinism and historicism. The results of the study make it possible to present the re-ligious culture of the Tatars of the Middle Volga region of the pre-revolutionary time, to use it in the activities of the modern Muslim clergy and in covering the history of traditional Islam of our country.
Students in the Communist underground of Leningrad (1928–1929)
UDC: 94(47)084"1928/1929"-057.87
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Dmitriy A. Barinov;
After the decisions of the XV Congress of the AUCP(b) in December 1927, the activities of the left opposition (i.e., supporters of the bloc of L. D. Trotsky and G. E. Zinoviev) was outlawed, and its program was declared a Menshevik bias. Most of the opponents of the Stalin-Bukharin course was forced to capitulate, i.e. to announce the rejection of their own views in order to preserve their place in the party. However, hundreds of oppositionists in the largest cities of the USSR refused to act on principles and continued to work underground. One of the cen-ters of the communist underground was Leningrad, where communist groups of various orientations operated a few years earlier: Zinovievites, Trotskyists, Decists, the workers' opposition and others. Since 1923, students have traditionally been responsive to opposition views, which continued to play prominent roles in the struggle of 1928–1929. The objective of the research is to reconstruct the activities of the Leningrad opposition in the underground, to assess its number, to identify the role of students. The main materials for the preparation of the article will be documents from the collections of the Central State Archive of Historical and Political Documents of St. Petersburg (CSAHPD St. Petersburg) and the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RSASPH), as well as a digitized part of the archive of L. D. Trotsky from the Houghton Library of Harvard University. The result of the study was an outline of the activities of Trotsky – Zinoviev supporters in the underground. We have identified key places of agitation, channels of communication with exiled oppositionists. It was possible to demonstrate that the transition to underground struggle was the result of difficult and lengthy discussions of op-position groups University students and teachers often played a key role in organizing the underground. Alt-hough the activities of the opponents of the Central Committee had local successes, they were soon defeated. The reason for this was not only the intensification of repression, but also the extreme disunity of the Leningrad oppositionists themselves.
Kozmodemyansk streltsy during the years of Peter's transformations
UDC: 94(47).05(470.343)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Anany G. Ivanov;
Peter’s reforms of the late 17th – first quarter of the 18th centuries, which required tremendous efforts of the state and the entire Russian society, significantly affected the historical fate of many social groups of the coun-try's population, including service people in the person of the streltsy, who disappeared as a separate estate from the historical arenas. Meanwhile, the streltsy population, which was losing its privileges, not only fought for its narrow class interests, but also made a certain contribution to military victories and the socio-economic devel-opment of Russian cities. The purpose of this article is to study the life of the streltsy of the city of Kozmo-demyansk of the period under consideration, the concretization and personalization of their participation in the Azov campaigns of 1695 and 1696, the Northern War of 1700–1721, the social transformation of the streltsy and their role in the socio-economic development of the city. The research was based on documentary materials extracted by the author in the collections of Landrat books and audit tales (f. 350), Kozmodemyansk fortress of-fice (f. 615), copies of bills of sale of the citizens of Kozmodemyansk in the records of the Boundary Office of the Kazan province (f. 1312) of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RSAAA) in Moscow. The attracted range of archival sources in combination with published documents and research, a thorough analysis based on generally accepted methods and methodology of historical research, allowed us to form a holistic view of the es-tate and socio-economic appearance of the Kozmodemyansk streltsy, to trace the social and economic transfor-mation of the streltsy society, characterize the most important aspects of their life, identify the role of streltsy in the socio-economic development of the city, show the specifics of the state service and their participation in the Azov campaigns and the Northern War. The Kozmodemyansk streltsy distinguished themselves both in the mili-tary field and in a significant contribution to the development of the city of the time in question.
The image of Empress Elisabeth of Austria (Sisi) in the tourist discourse of Slovakia
UDC: 94(436):379.85
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Natalia D. Kriuchkova;
Historical myths have become a part of mass consciousness and mass culture. The frequent reference to myths in tourist communications is caused, first of all, by the processes of commercialization. The memory of the past be-comes a commodity, a cultural product, incorporated in the functioning of market-oriented system. The article deals with one of the most mythologized and replicated images in tourism – the image of Elisabeth of Austria (Sisi). The focus is on the territory not usually considered in research works on the tourism usage of the image of Sisi. This is Slovakia, a region which Empress Elisabeth rather rarely visited purposefully, where not many arti-facts related to the Empress have survived. The article analyzes commemorative practices used in the Slovak tourism industry. They cover both the places where Empress Elisabeth actually stayed and symbolic places of memory. The specifics of the usage of the myth of Sisi in various spheres of tourism and hospitality are traced – from a greater or lesser attachment to the facts of Elisabeth's biography in sightseeing and museum business to almost complete depersonalization and symbolization in the hotel and restaurant industry, where the image of Sisi marks the level of the establishment – “royal”, “imperial” and so on. The impact of tourist commercial prac-tices on the memorial space in Slovakia is noted. The popularity of Sisi in the contemporary popular culture has intensified local authorities’ efforts to reconstruct monuments to the Empress. They serve as a reminder not only of a particular historical figure, but also of the Habsburg era as a whole and focus attention on Slovakia's past as a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In this way, the myth of Sisi is incorporated into the Habsburg myth in Slovakia.
Daily life of Komsomol members and pioneers during the Great Patriotic War (based on the materials of the Mari ASSR)
UDC: 94(47).084.8(470.343)-053.6
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Anastasiya S. Ladina; Sergey V. Starikov;
The article examines the daily life and contribution to the victory in the Great Patriotic War of Komsomol members and pioneers of the Mari ASSR. The everyday life of the war years is a manifestation of
courage, perseverance and patriotism. Komsomol youth brigades and pioneer organizations worked selflessly in all spheres of society. They made an invaluable contribution to the development of industrial sectors and agri-culture, assistance to military families and residents of the liberated territories. From the very first days of the war, thousands of workers, collective farmers and party leaders went to the front. The main task of the popula-tion was to prevent downtime in the economy. And here an important role was played by the Soviet education of citizens, namely the Komsomol and the pioneers. The purpose of the article is to review the activities of Kom-somol members and pioneers in helping the front. The work uses a wide range of scientific literature and memoir sources, which allows us to fully characterize the activities of pioneers and Komsomol members of the Mari ASSR in organizing work in the rear. The article used general scientific methods (analysis, comparison, descrip-tion) and special historical methods (historical-comparative, historical-genetic). With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the country faced an urgent need to restructure the life of society in a military manner. This was especially true of industrial production and agriculture. Thousands of skilled workers were mobilized to the front, and there was a shortage of food and industrial materials everywhere. Komsomol members of the Mari ASSR immediately responded to the demands of wartime. They were the initiators of socialist competitions at enter-prises, monthly and Sunday fundraisers for the Red Army. Pioneers also did not stand aside. Young children helped on collective farm fields, took patronage over younger children, military families, helped in prepa-
ring schools for the school seasons, and also took part in collecting necessary things for the needy population of the liberated territories and money for the construction of new equipment for the Red Army. Thus, during the Great Patriotic War, pioneers and Komsomol members made a significant contribution to organizing work in the rear and helping the front, often acting as initiators.
Soviet nomenclature: from the experience of the formation of the Councils of National Economy of the RSFSR in the 1950s–1960s
UDC: 94:338(470.344)«1957/1962»
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Alexey I. Mineev;
An important page in Soviet history is the period of the 1950s–1960s, associated with the creation of the Coun-cils of National Economy of the country (CNE, Sovnarkhoz). Interest in this time was dictated not only by the active development of construction and industry in the USSR, but also by a very extraordinary personnel policy in relation to the regions. N. S. Khrushchev, aware of the weak personnel potential in the national economy of the autonomous republics, took important steps towards sending prominent economic and administrative lead-ers from the center to the periphery. This process was of a large-scale nature, therefore, in the article we will re-strict ourselves to the agrarian republics of the Middle Volga region, which later became, thanks to administra-tive and economic reforms, the industrial-agrarian regions of the country. The emergence of Councils of Na-tional Economy is an important stage in the restructuring of the economic administration of the autonomies. The article analyzes the policy of N. S. Khrushchev, aimed at transferring the country’s economic and manage-rial elite to the periphery. On the basis of archival sources and research literature, the life and work path of the leaders of the Chuvash Sovnarkhoz – A. I. Ivlev, N. A. Obolensky, the Mordovian Sovnarkhoz – E. A. Veselov-sky, the Mari Sovnarkhoz – V. M. Gavrilov are traced. It is noted that the leaders of the Chuvash, Mari and Mordovian Councils of National Economy at the time of their appointment as chairmen of the CNE had exten-sive experience in managerial and organizational work as prominent state and political figures, heads of large industrial enterprises. Many of them, despite the fact that the national republics at the time of their appointment were alien, little-known regions of the country, worked here with full dedication, fully justifying the trust placed in them in strengthening the industrial potential of the autonomous republics of the Middle Volga region.
Heads of the Mari State Pedagogical Institute named after N. K. Krupskaya: the first decade
UDC: 378(09)(470.343)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Aleksey G. Oshaev;
This article examines the activities of the directors of the Mari State Pedagogical Institute named after N.K. Krupskaya in the first decade of the university's functioning, which turned out to be the most difficult in the his-tory of the university. The opening of the pedagogical university was an important event in the history of the re-gion. On the topic under consideration, the question of those people who stood at the origins of higher education in the republic, headed the university in the first years of its formation, is relevant. Purpose: to study the activi-ties of the first leaders of the Pedagogical Institute in the difficult years of its formation, to determine their or-ganizational role in creating a system of higher professional education in the region. The work is based on the use of published materials and documents preserved in the archive of the Mari State University, which allow us to recreate a holistic picture of the activities of the first directors of the Pedagogical Institute, to determine their role in the formation of the first university in the republic. The methodological basis of the research is based on the principle of historicism. The factual material of the article is revealed by means of problem-chronological and historical-biographical methods, which allow presenting a consistent and complete presentation of the events and phenomena characterized. The first directors had to solve complex issues related to the creation of the material and technical base of the university, the formation of a permanent teaching staff of the institute, the training of highly qualified personnel, the recruitment of students, etc. The first decade of the institute's op-eration was characterized by a frequent change of university leaders. There was a special nomenclature order of personnel appointments in the country: candidates for the most important posts and positions were approved by party and Soviet bodies. In conditions of an acute shortage of personnel capable of implementing the policy of the leadership, they were often transferred to different areas of work. The formation of the Pedagogical Insti-tute took place in the conditions of the growth of the next round of repressive policy, which was reflected in the history of the provincial university. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that working in diffi-cult conditions, the first directors of the Mari State Pedagogical Institute tried to honestly fulfill their official du-ties and solve the tasks set by the government. In the early years, the institute experienced organizational diffi-culties. The material base was being formed, premises for classes and accommodation of students were being sought. The young university was being recruited by the teaching staff and service personnel.
The idea of freedom of consciousness in the Russian Empire in the views of A. F. Koni and his associates
UDC: 94(47).08
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Danil V. Rybin;
In the Russian Empire, a close relationship has historically developed between the secular authorities and the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC). The imperial power perceived the ROC as one of its pillars and therefore in-variably provided it with the exclusive legal status of a state-forming religion. The Russian autocrat,
necessarily Orthodox, was regarded as the “supreme defender” (guarantor) of Orthodoxy; the Orthodox clergy took part in all state events. The purpose of our study is to establish the position of moderate legalists (the high-est jurists of the empire) on the issue of introducing freedom of conscience in the empire and the activities of their leader, A. F. Koni, aimed at the adoption of this principle by the Russian state. To achieve this goal, we used the problem-chronological method. The published works of A. F. Koni and archival materials from his per-sonal fund were used as sources. Anatoly Fedorovich, in his published and unpublished works, identified the
origins of the growth of the negative attitude of many subjects of the empire towards the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian state at the end of the 19th century. The erroneous actions of the authorities fueled and intensified religious separatism. Artificial and often meaningless restrictions irritated and embittered non-Orthodox religious groups. The mistakes of the state were analyzed in detail and criticized in the writings of the famous lawyer. Moderate legalists and their representative A. F. Koni saw in freedom of conscience and religion a way to free the human spirit from restrictive constraints. The call to the “true”, that is, the Orthodox religion, had to take place through a positive example and be accompanied by great patience.
“More suitable for teachers”: criticism of the first textbook on the history of the USSR by the Soviet scientific and pedagogical community
UDC: 93/94
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Nikita V. Tikhomirov;
The article examines the problem of perception and evaluation by the Soviet scientific and pedagogical com-munity of the late 1930s of the first stable textbook on the history of the USSR, edited by A. V. Shestakov (1937). The critical judgments of contemporaries (historians-researchers and teachers-practitioners), given in connection with the preparation and subsequent regular use of the textbook, are summarized and analyzed. The relevance of the study is due to the growing role of historical education and enlightenment in modern Russian society, as well as the demand for the experience of previous generations of historians in these areas. The pur-pose of this work is a comprehensive study of assessments, theoretical views and methodological positions for-mulated in the process of preparing and testing a textbook on the history of the USSR for grades 3 and 4, devel-oped by the team of authors of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after Bubnov. Materials from the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences and RSASPH (RGASPI) were used as the basis of the research source base. On the basis of the studied archival documents, it was possible to identify the guiding ideas and principles underlying the criticism of the textbook by scientists and teachers. The key differences in approaches to textbook evaluation by Soviet Marxist historians and elementary school teachers are shown. In the course of a retrospective analysis, a reasoned explanation of the differences in the positions of the reviewers was pro-posed, their ideological and theoretical prerequisites were determined. The findings allow us to expand and clari-fy scientific ideas about the specifics of the historiographical situation, the problems of the development of So-viet historical education in the period of Stalinism, as well as to better understand the features of the formation of scientific and pedagogical thought of that time. The results of the study presented in the article can be used in further research on the development of Russian historical thought, the formation of Soviet historical education, as well as Marxist historiography of the 1930s.
Digital currency is a subject of the interconnection of criminal law and criminal procedure
UDC: 343.7
Section: LAW
Authors: Svetlana A. Yakovleva; Ekaterina A. Averina;
The emergence of cryptocurrencies in 2008 as a unique digital financial instrument prompted the development of new regulations and individual states have proposed different approaches to interpreting cryptocurrencies. In particular, the Russian Federation abandoned the term “cryptocurrency”, fixing the concept of “digital curren-cy” in the Federal Law “On Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” dated July 31, 2020 No. 259-FZ. Cryptocurrency turnover has led to the emer-gence of new types of socially dangerous acts committed, including with the use of violence. Russian judicial practice has recognized digital currency as property, which is confirmed by the practical examples given in this article. Attributing digital currency (cryptocurrency) to someone else’s property makes it possible to qualify acts as crimes, for the composition of which someone else’s property is a necessary objective sign. These criminal acts are provided for in the articles of Chapter 21 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Crimes against property”. In a narrow sense, crimes aimed at cryptocurrencies can be called cryptocrimes, the totality of which characterizes a negative phenomenon - cryptocrime, as a type of crime. The specific features of opera-tions with cryptocurrency, characterized by the obligatory presence of information about the password and log-in, without which it is impossible to log into the crypto wallet, the anonymity of operations and the impossibility of canceling them, cause problems in investigating the crimes in question. The basis of the investigation of a crime is evidence, with its inherent procedural means, among which other procedural actions are distinguished. Processualists include among them the actions specified in Part 1 of Art. 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. Digital currency can be obtained from an electronic information carrier, that is, after performing another procedural action regulated by Art. 164.1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. However, the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation does not regulate the with-drawal of digital currency from electronic media and its transfer during the production of investigations. The au-thors propose to provide for such an action in the system of other procedural actions. The authors also propose to supplement the system of physical evidence with digital currency (cryptocurrency), making appropriate changes to Art. 81 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation.