VESTNIK 4 (32) 2022
- Title:
- VESTNIK 4 (32) 2022
- Number:
- 4
- Year:
- 2022
- Date publication on the site:
- 2022-12-28 10:34:47
- Full journal in PDF:
-
Content all 10
Problems of the development of Turkish society in the early 1940s according to B. Boran
UDC: 325.11 (Миграция населения внутри страны)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Ilya N. Vedeneev;
The article is devoted to the views of the left Turkish thinker and sociologist B. Boran on the processes of urbanization that began in Turkish society in the 1940s. The following problems were considered: the modernization of the village, the urbanization of cities (primarily Ankara), as well as the increase in crime in cities due to population displacement. The work involved a large number of original articles by B. Boran, which were published in 1940−1941 in the journals “Yurt ve Dünya” (“Motherland and World”) and “Siyasi İlimler Mecmuası” (“Journal of Political Sciences”). Access to the materials was provided by referring to the website of B. Boran and the Turkish Social History Research Foundation (Türkiye Sosyal Tarih Araştırma Vakfı − TÜSTAV). Boran believed that it was necessary to increase productivity in the countryside, as well as overcome the costs of urbanization through comprehensive planning. She saw Turkey’s advantage in the fact that the country’s government could (and should) use the experience that was formed in Western countries during the passage of a similar stage in the second half of the 19th century. She called for focusing on the best Western experience, at that stage embodied in the American style of settlement planning. Thus, we can conclude that the formation of a modern (industrial) society in Turkey coincided with the emergence of sociological science. Moreover, a number of its representatives (like B. Boran) preferred such methods of solving problems − arising from the transformation of society − that were typical for socialist regimes in the 20th century.
Kozmodemyansk townspeople in Peter's time
UDC: 94(47).05(470.343)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Anany G. Ivanov;
The era of Peter's reforms of the end of the 17th – first quarter of the 18th century significantly affected the situation of the townspeople of the cities of the country, including Kozmodemyansk, where, despite the predominance of Streltsy (city soldiers) and coachmen, the residents of the township (posad) made a significant contribution to the socio-economic development of the city and were involved in all-Russian processes. In this regard, addressing this topic at the regional level is very relevant. The research was based on documentary materials extracted by the author from the collections of Landrat books and audit tales (f. 350), the Kozmodemyansk serf office (f. 615), the Boundary office of Kazan province (f. 1312), the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RSAAA) in Moscow. The studied archival and published documents, their thorough analysis in combination with the attracted range of historical research allowed us to consider the most important demographic aspects and the main directions of the life of the Kozmodemyansk townspeople related to agricultural production, various trades and crafts; to identify the peculiarity of the estate and legal status associated with their belonging to taxable people, obliged to bear numerous state taxes and duties; to show the role and importance of the township (posad) community as a body of the township (posad) self-government in the conditions of the implementation of the city reform of the time under consideration.
EU anti-crisis policy within the COVID-19 pandemic for 2020-2021: Eastern Partnership States
UDC: 327.7
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Damir R. Islamov;
COVID-19 has become a new challenge for the world politics and economy, including for pan-European solidarity. Undoubtedly, the EU is vigorously implementing supranational mechanisms to promote the EU agenda. Brussels traditionally fulfilled “soft powerˮ policy in international affair. This tendency continued to be implemented in the form of “coronavirus diplomacyˮ. The bet on “soft powerˮ within the framework of financial and humanitarian assistance did not remove from the agenda the problem of EU rivalry, for example, with China and Russia even in the era of the pandemic. One of the regions where the EU provides intensive regional policy is the Eastern Partnership States. It is obvious that the project was considered as an alternative to the emerging Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia in order to enhance the influence of the EU in the post-Soviet space. Such a chance presented itself amid the COVID-19 crisis, where the EU had the opportunity to fully demonstrate its ability to tackle the issues occurred for the region. The aim of this study is to analyze the measures taken by the EU to aid the countries of the region in terms of socio-economic recovery, macro-financial assistance and support for small and medium-sized enterprises during 2020 and 2021. In addition, the article deals with the methods of the EU's “vaccine policyˮ in the Eastern Partnership region. At the same time, a special direction within the framework of EU policy was a people-centred agenda, in particular, the struggle against disinformation regarding vaccines against COVID-19. Based on the positions of the EU, unreliable sources of information fueled low levels of confidence to the vaccination among citizens of the Eastern Partnership States.
Problematic aspects of grassroots authorities of the Komi Autonomous Region in the 1920s
UDC: 930.2:352(470.13)"192"
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Vladislav N. Karakchiev;
Grassroots authorities of the Komi Autonomous Region in the 1920s made a significant contribution to the socio-economic and cultural development of the region. But at the same time, facts of incompetence, abuse of official powers and offenses committed by employees of the volost executive committees were recorded. The purpose of the article is the study of factors that negatively affect the activity of volost executive committees, and ways to eliminate them in the local administrations of the Komi Autonomous Region in the 1920s. The work uses scientific literature and archival sources to study certain “shadow” sides of the grassroots authorities in the region. The article uses general scientific research methods (analysis, comparison, description). The process of organizing the activity of volost executive committees in the 1920s was analyzed by various institutions, namely the regional department of internal administration, the regional workers' and peasants' inspection, the prosecutor's office, members of the regional and county executive committees, the NKVD. The discovered materials contain facts of administrative (negligent attitude to duties, alcohol abuse, non-compliance with discipline) and criminal offenses (theft of public funds, crimes against person). Probably, the reasons for the above phenomena were the poor professional preparedness of workers, an acute shortage of managerial personnel, low wages, etc. (especially in the first half of the 1920s). In the future, thanks to the activities of specialized educational institutions and the increase in wage rates, the situation with the personnel began to improve. The strengthening of the influence of party structures gradually led to a weakening of the role of the executive committees of the Soviets. The establishment of a new administrative-territorial division in 1929 in the Komi Autonomous Region significantly contributed to the approximation of the Soviet apparatus to the local population and to reduce the burden on grassroots authorities. Conducting periodic audits by various institutions helped to identify, investigate and analyze the problematic aspects of grassroots authorities, as well as take measures to improve the quality of the functioning of volost executive committees.
The female factor of Soviet participation in local war operations in 1950−1980 (the example of the representatives of Belarus)
UDC: 355/48-055/2(=161/3-82)(476-87)”1950/1991”
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Alexandra V. Kuznetsova-Timonova;
The article is devoted to the participation of women in local wars and military conflicts of the Cold War era as part of Soviet military missions and operational military groups in Asia and Africa in the 2nd half of the 20th century. The purpose of the article is to identify the main vectors of women’s participation in local wars and military conflicts – as military personnel and civilian personnel, family members of Soviet military specialists; their motivation, age, professional affiliation, period of stay in dangerous regions, military awards received. The main source base of the research is the materials of the regional military commissariats of Belarus, the memories of the direct participants of the events (both published in the literature and collected by the author independently). Using the example of women of Belarus (308 people have been identified at the moment, 6 of them died during their stay in the country where hostilities were taking place), the author examines the peculiarities of women’s stay in warring countries (who arrived independently or as part of the family of a military specialist), the variability of the terms of business trips, average age, attitude to the armed forces (the presence of regular military personnel among them). The number of Belarusian-born women killed during local military conflicts is also being clarified (the place of birth and burial of one of them has been clarified for the first time), the circumstances of their death. The main regularities of this process are revealed, the analysis of historiography and the source base is carried out. The underestimation of the “female factor” of Soviet participation in local wars and military conflicts in historiography, a small percentage of combat and labor awards received by them, is indicated.
Foreign policy efforts of the USSR to create a collective security system in the 1930s−1940s
UDC: 327(47+57)"193/194"
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Evgeniy V. Suslov;
The author of the article attempts to comprehend the nature and meaning of the phenomenon of collective security, which was the basic element of most peace treaties that ensured a relatively stable European world order for a relatively long time. In addition, the author is interested in the reasons and prerequisites for the USSR leadership’s appeal to the principle of collective security in the new historical conditions of the acquisition of subjectivity in international politics of the 30−40s of the twentieth century. The author of the article reinterprets the reasons of the collapse of the Versailles world order and the failure to create a collective security system. As a methodological “key”, the work uses the principle of historicism, in which similarity and repeatability are essential, and the repetitive and individually unique are inextricably linked and united in real history. The evolution of peace treaties that ensured a certain world order for several centuries speaks in favor of the inextricable connection of the repetitive and the individually unique. The general theory of systems, to which the author refers, made it possible to identify consistency and, consequently, functional integrity or its absence in international treaties. The paper proves that the “security dilemmaˮ fixed in the quasi-anarchist world has become a permanent component of modern interstate relations, when a high degree of security of one state becomes a threat to the security of others. As a result of the author’s study of the background and the process of adopting the Versailles Treaty, which consolidated the basic provisions of the collective security system, but divided Europe into victorious and defeated countries, it was concluded that the treaty had a disastrous ending. This has led the collective security system to the same results. The author notes that the main responsibility for the functioning of collective security in Europe was assigned to the great powers, however, this order was not institutionalized, that is it had no real mechanisms for its implementation. According to the author, the forceful deterrence of the German military with the participation of the USSR and France could become an effective subject of the implementation of the collective security system, however, Moscow’s initiative addressed to the leaders of Great Britain and France did not have a clear answer, and the preference for the course of “appeasement of the aggressorˮ did not stop Germany from continuing the policy of annexation of foreign territories.
Noble and merchant timber industry entrepreneurship in the Mari Region in the second half of the XIX – early XX century
UDC: 908(470.343)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Alexander A. Filonov;
The study of the history of entrepreneurship in Russia and its regions remains one of the urgent problems of Russian historical science. With regard to the Mari Region, more than 60 % of the territory of which was occupied by forests, the development of forest entrepreneurship is of undoubted interest. The representatives of the merchant class and, to a certain extent, the nobility were the most active in this area. The purpose of the article is to consider the main types of timber business of merchants and nobility in the Mari Region in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. The paper uses archival documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, materials from published sources and scientific literature. The research is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency using comparative-historical, historical-systemic and historical-statistical methods. In the second half of the XIX – early XX century, the technology of timber industry activity of merchants and nobles in the Mari Region included a number of sequential operations – the purchase of forest plots for timber harvesting at regular government auctions or from private forest owners, the sale of timber and timber products, the organization of factory sawmilling. The Troitsky-Posad merchants V. I. Zamyatnin and A. V. Sveshnikov; Kozmodemyansk merchants I. M. Zubkov, P. M. Zubkov, Ya. A. Morozov, S. S. Zamyatnin, A. I. Shishokin, A. N. Lazurkin; the famous Astrakhan merchants Gubins, Nizhny Novgorod merchant V. I. Shurtygin, as well as the nobles Sheremetevs and the landowner Z. A. Obraztsova were distinguished by the scale of timber industry in the region. In the forestry sector, merchant and noble entrepreneurial activity in the Mari Region of the studied period has significantly expanded. It covered logging operations of forests of the state department and individuals, the creation of sawmills, the sale of timber and timber products mainly to the Volga region cities.
Soviet life through the eyes of American analysts: the Memorandum on “Research and Development − USA” exhibit in Donetsk (1972)
UDC: 327; 94
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Alexey E. Fominykh;
The theme of the ideological and cultural confrontation between the USSR and the United States during the Cold War is becoming increasingly relevant in the context of the ongoing confrontation between Russia and the West, when historical experience can suggest the most realistic scenarios for de-escalation. The article introduces a documental source, a Research Memorandum of the US Information Agency (USIA), compiled on the basis of field research held in Donetsk during the traveling technological exhibition “Research and Development – USA” (1972). The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the techniques of “field studies” typical for the analysts of the USIA Research service. The data collection was aimed at studying public sentiments, as well as interethnic, religious, and socio-economic situation in the cities of the USSR. The research is mostly based on the archival records of the USIA, translated by the author and analyzed in their historical context and viewed through the framework of public diplomacy and propaganda theories. The use of content analysis makes it possible to identify semantic units in the text that reflect the survey practices, and the agency’s own assessments of the effectiveness of public diplomacy tools by their impact on the audience. The document illustrates the dominant discourse of the perception of each other by citizens of the USSR and the United States in the early 1970s, combining mutual cultural attraction and distrust. The analytics fixes the most characteristic trends in Soviet public perceptions, and reveals the most attractive elements of American culture. American exhibits in the USSR during the Cold War were events of great public importance. Due to mass coverage and targeted work with the audience, such cultural exchanges turned into an effective tool for US public diplomacy.
English projects for the creation of resettlement communes in America: utopia and romance of R. Southey and S. T. Coleridge, 1794
UDC: 94(410)+94(44)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Ekaterina A. Yazykova ;
The focus of the article is the attempt of two students − reformers Robert Southey and Samuel Taylor Coleridge to create an “ideal society” − Pantisocracy. Friends − romantics R. Southey and S. T. Coleridge worked painstakingly on the new project. From their “metaphysicalˮ and philosophical discussions, Pantisocratia was born. This word was proposed by S. T. Coleridge, from the Greek pan-socratia, which means “universal co-government”. According to the plan of Pantisocracy, there should have been no private ownership of land, which was considered as a common property belonging to everyone. Man and nature would live in harmony. Rather utopian in its essence, the plan, however, existed for about a year, supported mainly by the enthusiasm of its creators. The purpose of this article is to show the utopian impracticability of the ideas of young poets in accordance with the plan. Too obvious differences in the characters and goals of R. Southey and S. T. Coleridge ruled out the successful completion of a joint undertaking. The main source for the author of the article is the personal correspondence of R. Southey and S. T. Coleridge, both with each other and with other correspondents. The article is written on the basis of the principles of historicism and objectivity using the methods of analysis, comparison, description. At the end of the article, it is concluded that R. Southey and S. T. Coleridge attempted to create a project that would embody the ideas of the Enlightenment era. However, the thinkers’ expectations were unrealistic. The author of the article also notes that the French Revolution was not the last factor that influenced the transformation of the “idea of Americaˮ in the minds of the English reformers.
The system of criminal procedural relations between a victim of a crime and a representative of the authorities
UDC: 343.1
Section: LAW
Authors: Svetlana A. Yakovleva; Vasiliy P. Skryabin;
The analysis of the criminal procedure law reveals the limitations of the legal status of participants in the stage of initiation of a criminal case on the implementation by the victim of a crime of the constitutional right to information and access to justice. The limitations are related to the existing issues of the transformation of judicial constitutional acts into criminal procedural regulation, the shortcomings of legal regulation of procedural activities at the stage of initiation of a criminal case and the establishment of an institutional system of criminal procedural relations between a person who has suffered from a criminal act and a representative of the authorities. The attribution of the victim to the participants in the criminal process by the prosecution makes it possible to judge the possibility of the victim of the crime to participate in criminal prosecution. One of the forms of participation in the criminal prosecution of a person who has committed a crime is the right to present evidence, which the victim has. The same right should be given to a person who has suffered from a crime before a criminal case is initiated. The argument of the stated thesis is the legislative establishment of the possibility of recognizing as evidence the information, documents obtained during the preliminary verification of a crime report at the stage of initiation of a criminal case. In this case, for a person who has suffered from a crime, the right to know about the information contained in the acts-decisions, expert opinions and some other criminal procedural documents drawn up at the stage of initiation of a criminal case becomes important. To participate in the criminal prosecution, the victim of a crime can use procedural means – complaints and petitions, for the compilation of which information is needed that affects the rights and interests of the person affected by the crime. Access to such information can be realized through familiarization with the verification material and obtaining proper copies of decisions and some other documents from the verification material. However, such important procedural guarantees are not directly established in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, and obstacles are created to the realization of access to justice for a person who has suffered from a crime.