VESTNIK 1 (33) 2023
- Title:
- VESTNIK 1 (33) 2023
- Number:
- 1
- Year:
- 2023
- Date publication on the site:
- 2023-05-22 10:06:57
- Full journal in PDF:
-
Content all 10
Images of doctors: the Kuvatov brothers ‒ participants of the socio-political movement of 1917–1919
UDC: 94 (470.57)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Aytugan I. Akmanov;
The purpose of this study is to show the activities of the brothers Gumer Mukhametgalimovich and Usman Mukhametgalimovich Kuvatov. They were natives of the Bashkir noble family, who were graduates of the medical faculty of the university. They made a great contribution to the development of the system of public administration on the territory of Bashkortostan in 1917‒1919 and later. In particular, they actively participated in the socio-political movement of this period, contributed to the development of regional self-government, healthcare. In the course of the study, scientific literature and published sources were used, allowing in-depth study of a number of new facts from the biography of active members of the public of a large Russian region. Historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-system methods were used to reveal the topic. The relevance of the topic is that the vital activity of the Kuvatov brothers illustrates the application of creative and successful approaches to self-realization of specific historical figures when working in various government structures. The events of the Civil War period revealed conflicts between various social groups of the population. In this situation, representatives of the Bashkir public began to defend the principles of bourgeois democracy with weapons and defend the need to implement the federal structure of Russia on the side of the white movement. To solve these problems, the legislative and executive authorities of the Bashkir Autonomy were created. At the same time, the leaders of the regional socio-political movement for federalism organized the involvement of a number of well-known personalities in organizational work. Among them were the Kuvatov brothers, who were engaged in solving various issues to ensure the functioning of the autonomy. They made a great contribution to the formation of the Bashkir Republic. In particular, with their participation, the formation of a system of regional management, regulation of financial and property relations took place. The elder brother Gumer Mukhametgalimovich was the chairman of the central sanitary and epidemiological emergency commission under the Bashkiria for the fight against infectious diseases, played a major role in the creation and strengthening of the commissariat apparatus, the development of the medical network, training and education of medical personnel, the organization of the maternity and childhood protection system in the republic, took an active part in the formation of the Ufa Institute of Eye Diseases. The younger brother Usman Mukhametgalimovich was engaged in regulating various issues related to the formation of Bashkir autonomy. In particular, he was an organizer of military formations, promoted the creation of the republican apparatus of internal Affairs, served as People's Commissar of Finance and Health, took part in the regulation of land relations in relation to the territory of the republic. In addition, the Kuvatov brothers have repeatedly served as representatives of the autonomy in negotiations with the leadership of various socio-political movements.
Historical experience of military mobilization of the Bashkir population in 1918: M. L. Murtazin and his associates
UDC: 94(470.57)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Azat Z. Gafarov;
The article is devoted to the analysis of a number of episodes from the history of the Civil War on the territory of Bashkortostan in 1918. The purpose of this study was the history of mobilization in Bashkortostan during the Civil War and the role of M. L. Murtazin in its conduct. The methodological basis was made up of an integrated approach, the components of historical-comparative, historical-descriptive, methods of collecting, analyzing and summarizing information. Here we consider the initial period of the creation of the Bashkir army in the summer of 1918. This problem was studied in connection with the activities of the brigade commander Murtazin, who was engaged in providing and mobilizing soldiers on the territory of his small homeland to create Bashkir military units. The preparation and mobilization of soldiers among the population required great efforts and organizational skills. Thanks to the agitation by members of the Bashkir government, the necessary funds were collected among the local population to purchase the necessary amount of military uniforms and ammunition. The creation of a full-fledged Bashkir army in the summer of 1918 showed that the population supported its government and thus the authorities gained experience in mobilizing among the population. At this difficult moment, the future commander M. L. Murtazin revealed himself as a skillful organizer and leader in a responsible position. In this paper, a step-by-step review of the organization of Bashkir formations at the initial stage of the Civil War is made. For a detailed study of this problem, the activities of the most active participants who participated in the formation of the Bashkir army during the Civil War are partially disclosed. The creation of the Bashkir army in the conditions of the unfolding civil war shows the skillful leadership and authority among the population of the leadership of the emerging state autonomy. It should also be noted the diplomatic abilities of M. L. Murtazin and his associates, who, despite the drama of the situation, managed to negotiate with the Provisional Siberian Government about the support in creating their own troops.
The city of Tsarevokokshaysk in the years of Peter’s transformations
UDC: 94(47)05(470.343)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Anany G. Ivanov;
The transformations of Peter’s time at the end of the 17th – first quarter of the 18th century significantly affected the development of Russian cities, including the Middle Volga region, and in particular Tsarevokokshaysk (modern Yoshkar-Ola – the capital of the Republic of Mari El), founded in 1584. The relevance of the stated topic is due to the fact that there is still no special study of the most important aspects of the history of the city of the time under consideration. At that time, Tsarevokokshaysk, like other Middle Volga cities, gradually lost the features of a “service” city and increasingly acquired the features of a “mixed” type of county town with the predominant economic and industrial activity of the urban population. The basis of this study was mainly archival documents extracted by the author from the funds of the Chamber Collegium (f. 273), Landrat books and audit tales (f. 350), Tsarevokokshaysk clerical hut (f. 1174), Tsarevokokshaysk Office of Judicial and Investigative Affairs and the Zemsky Commissar (f. 664) of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RSAAA) in Moscow. The analysis of published materials and identified documentary sources makes it possible to recreate in a holistic form and in all the diversity of the changes that took place in the city of Tsarevokokshaysk. The appearance of the city itself has changed dramatically. Noticeable changes have taken place in the management. Gradually, the power of the city governors was limited, and then completely disappeared. The role of the zemstvo hut (town hall) has increased as an organ of the village estate-elective self-government, which was primarily responsible for the timely fulfillment of taxes and duties. Noticeable changes have taken place in the class-social structure. Economic activity has intensified. The number of literate people has increased.
Ancient Macedonian heritage in the Greek-Macedonian “war of memories”
UDC: 930
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Maksim V. Kirchanov;
The aim of the study is to analyse the perception of the ancient Macedonian cultural and historical heritage in the politics of collective memories in Greece and North Macedonia. The article is based on the principles of the memorial turn of modern interdisciplinary historiography; the manipulation of the facts of the past by activists in the politics of memory is interpreted through the prism of intellectual history and the history of ideas. The analysis of modern forms of historical politics is relevant, since history, its various perceptions and interpretations are subject to ideologization, and the Macedonian heritage has become the cause of a war of memory between the political elites of modern Greece and North Macedonia. The novelty of the study lies in a comparative analysis of the perception of ancient Macedonian images in the Greek-Macedonian memorial confrontation, which has not been sufficiently studied in modern Russian historiography. The author analyses the role and place of ancient Macedonian images in the development of narratives forming Greek and Macedonian memorial cultures through the prism of perception of the heritage of Ancient Macedonia, imagined in various systems of political and ideological coordinates. The article shows how the images of Ancient Macedonia mutate in a result of the virtualization of collective historical memory, and the Internet space becomes the sphere of wars of memory between the Macedonian and Greek memorial cultures. It is assumed that virtual spaces have become important channels for the development of historical memory and memorial culture. The actors of the politics of memory actualise the perception of the ancient Macedonian heritage in the Greek and Macedonian historical politics of memory. The results of the study suggest that memorial conflicts or wars of memory are a universal form of the functioning of memorial culture in modern Greek and North Macedonian societies, where agents of the politics of memory assimilated the ancient heritage, turning it into a symbolic mobilisation resource.
The development of higher historical education in the territory of the Chuvash Republic in the post-Soviet peri-od (1992–2022)
UDC: 93/94 (930)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Natalya V. Knyazeva;
The development of higher historical education in the territory of the Chuvash Republic in the 1990s – early 2000s is primarily associated with the training of personnel in two leading professional educational institutions of the region: I. N. Ulyanov Chuvash State University (ChSU) and I. Ya. Yakovlev Chuvash State Pedagogical University (ChSPU). Since the 1990s, a separate stage in the development of higher historical education in the Republic has begun. This is due to the division of the FHP of the ChSU into 3 faculties, among which an independent historical faculty was allocated. Historical education in the early 1990s was in deep crisis and needed modernization. It was necessary to open new specialties and specializations, to prepare modern curricula, teaching aids, forms and methods of teaching. At the end of the 1990s, there was also an upsurge in the field of historical education at ChSPU, since 1999 an independent historical faculty began to function again. Since the beginning of the 2000s, higher education, including historical education, has entered a new phase of its development. Modernization processes in higher education related to the Law on Education in the country, the creation of a multi-level system, the expansion of the state apparatus, the adoption of certain regulations, the development of the infrastructure of educational institutions, the expansion of international scientific contacts have allowed to create new conditions for the development of higher historical education. This was reflected in the opening of new departments and directions for the preparation of students. However, this period was short-lived, followed by a general wave of optimization of structural divisions of educational institutions in the country. The historical faculties of the designated universities are losing their unity and are among the newly formed formations. Nevertheless, in modern conditions of aggravation of international relations, politicians and the public are increasingly turning to the need for knowledge of the history of the Fatherland, which affects the popularity and prestige of historical education.
“We did not drive, but flew”: Alexander Pushkin and folk wedding processions in the context of the road tradition of Russia.
UDC: 93/94
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Vladimir A. Korshunkov;
In the Alexander S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter” there is a remark by Savelyich, the servant of the protagonist: “And where are we in a hurry? It would be great to go to the wedding so quickly!” The Russian wedding ceremony has been studied for a long time and fruitfully. However, such an aspect of it as the rapid movement of horse-drawn wedding processions can also be considered in the context of the so-called road tradition of Russia. This is a new scientific area which includes the history of daily life, ethnography and cultural anthropology. The road tradition should be called the features of movement during long-distance overland travel and of goods’ transportation in the traditional way (mainly with the help of horse-drawn transport). According to ancient Russian customs the marriages were most often entered from Epiphany to Pancake Week (Maslenitsa). At this winter time wedding processions with many sledges drove along the roads. The wedding celebration of both the Russians and the neighboring peoples (Mari, Chuvash, Udmurts, etc.) was considered very vulnerable to the influence of sorcerers. It was believed that evil forces were trying to break the marriage union of groom and bride. The movement of a wedding procession was prepared and performed in the context of magic, spells, and amulets. This paper proves that the rapid moving of a folk wedding procession was a manner of magical counteraction to harmful forces. Fast movement of a wedding cortege, without stops and delays, was a part of the folk tradition in order to fulfill everything as soon as possible and to deceive and avert witchcraft intrigues. The words of Savelyich from the Pushkin's story correlate with this striking feature of traditional folk culture.
Rector of the Mari State Pedagogical Institute named after N. K. Krupskaya M. I. Romanov – participant of the Great Patriotic War
UDC: (94(47).084.8,378):929
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Aleksey G. Oshaev;
This article reveals the combat path of one of the rectors of the Mari State Pedagogical Institute named after N. K. Krupskaya M. I. Romanov, a participant in the Great Patriotic War. The historical facts of the front-line path of M. I. Romanov are poorly reflected in historical literature, therefore, an attempt is made to replenish the combat biography of the veteran with new pages. Purpose: to study the most important events during the war in the fate of M. I. Romanov, his personal contribution to the formation of the 696 rifle regiment of the 383rd rifle division, to describe the manifestation of courage and heroism of the young commissar in the defense of Donbass and the North Caucasus from the invasion of fascist invaders. The work is based on the use of published materials and documents preserved in the archive and Museum of History of the Mari State University, which allow us to recreate a complete picture of M. I. Romanov's combat activities on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. The methodological basis of the research is based on the most important principles and methods of scientific cognition, which allow us to consider the problem in the development, unity and interrelation of its components, as well as on the principles of scientific character, objectivity, historicism in combination with problem-chronological, comparative-historical and logical methods. The factual material of the article is revealed through the use of the historical and biographical method, which allows the researcher to give a consistent and complete account of the events characterized. The events in the life of the commissar of the regiment during the defense of Donbass and the North Caucasus are comprehensively investigated. The article makes it possible to expand the understanding of students, teachers and interested readers about the fate and activities of M. I. Romanov during the Great Patriotic War. He defended his Homeland with weapons in his hands, and worked for its glory in a peaceful field.
Everyday life of tank industry workers during the Great Patriotic War (1941‒1945)
UDC: 94(47).084.8
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Sergey V. Starikov; Aleksey I. Kuznetsov;
The history of the Great Patriotic War today, when falsifiers are trying with all their might to belittle the role and contribution of the Soviet people to the Victory over Nazi Germany, occupies a priority place in the research of Russian historical science. It is important not to forget the work of the Soviet rear workers, who were employed in factories and enterprises almost all their time. In the tank industry, the labor of the Soviet working class deserves special attention, since tanks were produced in larger quantities for the Red Army than other types of offensive weapons. An attempt has been made to analyze the daily life of tank industry workers in such important areas as production and labor productivity, providing workers, conditions of their living, household, recreation, activities outside of production, and other aspects. Much attention is paid to the history of everyday life in Russian historiography. In the course of the study, published documents and materials, memoirs of participants in the events were involved. New research in the field of tank building during the Great Patriotic War was taken into account. The study was based on the fundamental principles of historicism and objectivity in assessing events. The Soviet military-political leadership maximally supported the key branch of the USSR military economy throughout the entire period of the war, used a variety of means and methods to support the working population in the field of armored vehicles construction, stimulated workers, engineers, specialists in this field, created favorable conditions for the production and re-production of high-quality tank equipment, components and assemblies. The daily life of workers in this industry testifies to the effectiveness of decisions made, overcoming difficulties, creating proper living conditions, which had a significant impact on the growth of production and the emergence of this industry to the forefront. The workers of the tank industry showed courage, endured all the hardships in relocating the material base to the eastern regions of the country, restructuring the industry in wartime conditions, increasing the production of military vehicles, which was the result not only of the directive decisions taken, but also to a large extent the result of motivation and encouragement by the state of workers with everything necessary for a normal life and productive work.
The first decrees of Soviet power in terms of propaganda
UDC: 93/94
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Alexey A. Shmakov;
The victory of the Bolsheviks in the revolution of 1917 marked the beginning of a new communist ideology building in the country. With the support of the soldiers, workers and peasants, the Bolsheviks understood that in order to shore up their positions not only in power but in the whole state, it was necessary to act quickly and decisively. After the overthrow of the Provisional Government in the shortest possible time, the Bolsheviks adopted the first legislative and regulative acts - decrees that were of great importance for the future of Russia. “The Decree on Land” and “The Decree on Peace” were aimed at satisfying the desires of peasants and soldiers and “The Decree on the Formation of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Government” and “The Decree on the Press” were aimed at strengthening the positions of power. The purpose of the study is to reveal the propaganda orientation of the first legislative acts as well as the justification of the state censorship introduction in the field of press as a method of fighting counter-revolutionary opinion and creating conditions for introduction their own propaganda. In the course of the study, the works of V. I. Lenin, the legislative acts of the Council of People’s Commissars, the memoirs of contemporaries, and scientific materials on this topic have been studied and used. This work is based on the principles of historicism and determinism using the historical-systemic and chronological methods of historical research. In the course of the study, the propaganda nature of the first decrees of the Soviet government was identified and the substantiated need for censorship in the press was established. The study has showed the well-coordinated work of the Bolshevik Party and competent centralized administration in the early days of the revolution. Years of resistance work of the RSDLP allowed the revolutionaries to gain invaluable experience in matters of propaganda and agitation and having come to power, the Bolsheviks immediately took advantage of it, trying to limit the influence of bourgeois propaganda and begin to create a new ideology.
On the need for the organization and implementation of public control over religious organizations in Russia: current problems and prospects for their resolution
UDC: 342.731:2‐78
Section: LAW
Authors: Vitaly V. Goncharov;
This article is devoted to the analysis of modern problems associated with the organization and implementation of public control over the activities of religious organizations in the Russian Federation, as well as the prospects for their resolution. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the role and place of religious organizations in the process of formation and functioning of the institution of public control, to identify contemporary problems associated with its implementation in relation to religious organizations, as well as to substantiate a set of measures for its development. The object of the research is social relations arising in the process of organizing and exercising public control over religious organizations in Russia. The subject of the research is the norms of the current legislation on public control, materials of legal doctrine devoted to the analysis of the formation and functioning of this institution of civil society in the Russian Federation and other countries in relation to the activities of religious organizations. The authors substantiate the position according to which the activities of religious organizations act as one of the varieties of objects of public control in Russia. The main problems of the organization and implementation of this institution of civil society in relation to religious organizations are identified, both related to the general imperfection of Russian legislation on public control, and the need to optimize the system of normative legal acts regulating the activities of religious organizations. A system of measures for the development of the institution of public control in relation to the activities of religious organizations has been developed and substantiated, both in terms of consolidating their activities in the current legislation as a variety of objects of public control, and the development of its special forms, methods and measures in relation to the specifics of the activities of religious organizations.