VESTNIK 2 (34) 2023
- Title:
- VESTNIK 2 (34) 2023
- Number:
- 2
- Year:
- 2023
- Date publication on the site:
- 2023-08-29 09:24:27
- Full journal in PDF:
-
Content all 9
Bulgarian Crisis of 1885‒1887 in the system of relations between Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany
UDC: 94
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Damir R. Islamov; Egor E. Belyachkov;
The events in Bulgaria that took place from 1885 to 1887 affected not only the further political development of the state but also relations between the key countries of the European continent. The Russian Empire, which sought to consolidate its influence in Bulgaria after the end of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877‒1878, encountered a retaliatory impact on Bulgarians by the Austro-Hungarian Empire supported by the German Empire. The initial stage of the Bulgarian crisis was associated with Turkey’s attempts to maintain the division of the two Bulgarian territories, with the aspiration of the country’s internal forces to solve their political problems, and the continuing struggle of the Bulgarian people for unification. Subsequently, the European powers got involved in the crisis with Austria-Hungary being the most active one, as due to the removal from the European affairs it inevitably turned to another direction - the eastern one. Here, Austro-Hungary’s interests conflicted with those of Russia, and as a consequence, the Bulgarian events became even more heated. The main aim of the research is to study the impact of the Bulgarian Crisis of 1885‒1887 on the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the late 1880s. The article analyzes the factors of the crisis of traditional Russian-Austro-Hungarian-German relations, which affected the possibility of forming the Franco-Russian Union because of the Bulgarian events. The key result of the Bulgarian crisis was not only the rupture of bilateral relations within almost a decade but also understanding by Russian political circles of the failure to maintain Russian-German relations due to Berlin’s general support for its main ally – the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Councils of National Economy in the conditions of reforming the USSR economy and the regional management system (1957–1962)
UDC: 338.244 (09)(470.344) «1957/1962»
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Alexey I. Mineev; Anna V. Shchiptsova;
At present, the ideas of combining the best Soviet experience in the field of industrial and social achievements with the use of modern innovative technologies are increasingly heard. In this regard, it becomes important to study the development of the national economy of the USSR under the conditions of modernization of the management system and the economy. The purpose of the article is to study the process of reforming industry and construction in the USSR through the creation of national economic councils in the mid-1950s ‒ 1960s. The article has been prepared on the basis of a wide range of published and previously not introduced into scientific circulation sources, as well as specialized scientific literature. The key materials in the preparation of the study were archival documents found in the state archives of the Russian Federation (SARF, RSAE, SHA CR, CSA RM, SARME). The theoretical and methodological basis of the work is the fundamental principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and a systematic approach. The transition of the management of the USSR national economy from the sectoral to the territorial principle was determined through the adoption in 1957 of the Law “On the further improvement of the management of industry and construction”. The process of creating the CNE, which became state bodies for the management of enterprises, construction sites and organizations of the Union-Republican industry, located on the territory of economic regions, was studied. It was revealed that economic councils demonstrated their insufficient efficiency. The Council of National Economy did not provide a real opportunity to distinguish between political leadership and economic management both in the center and in the localities. When the inadequate effectiveness of the economic council reform was revealed, and the mobilization significance of party bodies again increased significantly, and the aforementioned contradiction led to the division of territorial party organizations along production lines, the reform came to its logical conclusion. However, from the reform of the management of the country's economy in the 1950s ‒ 1960s lessons need to be learned as the CNE made a breakthrough in transforming agricultural regions into industrialized areas of the USSR.
Dionysus reprobate? Reception of the cult of Dionysus in mythological tradition and polis religion
UDC: 93/94
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Yulia S. Obidina;
Unlike other historical myths, the myths of Dionysus are notable for their contrast with the historical manifestation of the cult. There is also a difference between the mythological and historical perception of the Dionysian mystery cults. While god-rejection myths lead us to believe that conflicting attitudes towards the cult were the result of moral considerations, the laws and regulations regarding the cult, if any, paint a different picture. More often than outright rejection, Dionysian cults were integrated into the state religion. The purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of myths about the rejection of Dionysus with historical evidence in order to show how the Dionysian cults were integrated into the state religion. The article uses the historical-genetic method to study the mythological tradition of the cult in order to identify its internal and external patterns, the historical-comparative method to study the historical development of the myth of Dionysus, both within the mythological tradition and in the works of ancient authors, and the comparative method for revealing the reflection of the evolution of the myth within the framework of the polis religion. Content analysis was used to study the etiological myth accompanying the Dionysian mystery cults. The research materials are both mythological data and evidence of ancient authors and historical sources. Dionysian myths often serve the etiological purposes of the regions in which they exist. They explain why Dionysus should be worshiped in a special way, and are evidence of how the state treated the cults of Dionysus. The myths about Dionysus certainly influenced the general idea of the worshipers of Dionysus, whether historical or mythical. The Mysteries of Dionysus represent a clear ideological inversion of the foundations of the social structure of the ancient world. Ritual imitation of myth is a way of avoiding the reality of the sinister elements expressed in myth. The mystery cults of Dionysus were as invariant as Dionysus himself. They have common elements, private or sanctioned by the state, but no cult really coincides with any myth. Often such cults were based on individual initiative. But it was either permitted by the state, or was under its direct control.
Tsarevokokshaysk merchant class in the post-reform period (60s‒80s of the XIX century)
UDC: 94(470.343)"1860/80"
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Sergey V. Starikov;
The merchant class in the Russian Empire was one of the wealthiest, enterprising and educated classes. The state has always patronized merchants. In turn, merchants, entire merchant dynasties served their Fatherland faithfully. The guild merchants were a corporation of merchants who, during crucial periods in the life of the country, sought not only to fulfill their direct duties, to increase their trading capital, but also participated in public life, in reform activities, supported many initiatives of the authorities. In the small towns of the empire, their contribution to the development of urban and rural infrastructure, solving social issues, and culture was especially significant. This article examines the merchants of the city of Tsarevokokshaysk of the Kazan province in the post-reform period, the main attention is paid to the characteristics of the activity of merchants Tikhonovs. The purpose of the article is to consider the contribution of merchants of Tsarevokokshaysk to the development of urban economy and culture in the 1860s‒1880s. The article uses archival materials to present the main directions and forms of merchant activity. The article is written on the basis of the principles of historicism and objectivity using methods of analysis, comparison, description. On the eve of Alexander II's reforms, a peculiar change of merchant elites took place in Tsarevokoshaysk. After a certain decline in merchant activity, a new period of activity of this estate begun, which coincidentally coincided with the reformatory activity of the state and was reflected in the creation of the first large industrial institution, the active participation of merchants in the development of local self-government, charity and culture. Thus, a new generation of Tsarevokokshaysk merchants, the first of whom were the Tikhonovs, took an active part in the development of urban infrastructure, charity, education and culture.
On the issue of the activities of the Kazan provincial forest protection committee in the late XIX – early XX century
UDC: 630*935.4(470.41)"19/20"
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Alexander A. Filonov;
Forests and forestry of Russia bear the imprint of the centuries-old history of the political, socio-economic and cultural development of the country. At various stages of the historical process, the forest, as the most important component of the natural environment, was of invaluable importance for man and society. The state policy in the field of forestry bears an important historical experience, which fully correlates with the modern practice of forest problems related to the preservation of forests and rational forest management. Currently operating state institutions in the field of forestry need to take into account the rich experience of forest protection policy accumulated, including at the regional level in the pre-revolutionary period. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main activities of the Kazan provincial forest protection committee at the end of XIX – the beginning of the XX century. The paper uses archival documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, materials from published sources and scientific literature on forestry issues. The study was carried out on the basis of the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency using historical-genetic, comparative-historical and historical-statistical methods. Direct control over the conservation of forest resources in the Kazan province and the implementation of the “Regulation on the forest conservation” of 1888 was conducted by the Forest protection committee, which was assisted by the officials of the state forest administration, forest guards, police and other institutions. All of them jointly fought against the reduction of forest areas, prevented the destruction of forests, promoted reforestation. The most important areas of activity of the Kazan forest protection committee were: recognition of forests as protective and water-conservation; approval of economic plans for protective and non-protective forests, which were subject to the Forest protection law of 1888; issuance of permits or prohibitions to forest owners to transfer their forest plots to another type of land; bringing to justice violators of the rules of the “Regulation” and more. The Committee monitored the rational use of forests, regardless of who they belonged to. Despite all the difficulties associated with the periodic shortage of funds allocated for forest protection, as well as discontent from the private forest owners, in general, the work of the Committee was successful. The functioning of this forest protection institution had, of course, a positive impact on the development of the forestry of the Kazan province in the late XIX – early XX century.
The image of Russia in the USA during the war of the North and the South in the assessment of Russian historiography of the XX century
UDC: 07.00.03
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Andrey A. Yarygin; Vladimir N. Koryakin;
The era of the Civil War of 1861‒1865 is an important period in the history of not only domestic political, but also foreign policy development of the United States. As for the evolution of relations with Russia, this time period can be called a key one. Along with other aspects, one of the most important is the perception of the Russian Empire by American leaders and the public during the years of the Civil War. It must be understood that the similarity of the socio-economic processes that took place in both countries was of great importance for the trend of rapprochement between the United States and Russia - the struggle of the northern states with the slave-owning south, on the one hand, and the abolition of serfdom in the Empire, on the other. In many ways, it is this circumstance that dictates the significance of this problem for scientific discourse. The reconstruction of the national historiography of the formation of the American vision of Russia is relevant in connection with the large-scale geopolitical transformations of recent years. The purpose is to study the pre-revolutionary and Soviet historiography of the attitude of the US public towards Russia during the years of the Civil War of the North and South. The main works of pre-revolutionary and Soviet authors devoted to this problem are considered. General scientific methods of analysis, deduction, induction, generalization, synthesis and comparison are applied, the use of which is a prerequisite for the full development and presentation of the material. Among the methods of historical research, we used the historical-genetic, historical-typological, comparative, structural-functional methods, as well as the periodization method and the problem-chronological method. The work is based on a positivist methodological approach based on the most objective collection of information and facts, independent of various philosophical or historiosophical attitudes. The analysis of the statements of the authors of different stages is carried out. Based on this analysis, a comparative description is given of both different periods of the Russian historiography of the problem of the 20th century as a whole, and of internal sub-stages in the historiography of the Soviet period separately. It was concluded that the pre-revolutionary and part of the late-Soviet researchers had a predominant emphasis on foreign policy factors, and the majority of historians of the Soviet era had an emphasis on class interests. The difference in the perception of North American society by the authors of the early Soviet and late Soviet sub-stages, mainly dictated by political conjuncture, has also been noted.
Issues of counteraction to legalization (laundering) of money or other property acquired by another person by criminal means
UDC: 343.3/7
Section: LAW
Authors: Mikhail A. Smirnov;
In the article, the author considers a list of topical issues related to the possibilities, directions and methods of counteracting the legalization (laundering) of money or other property acquired by another person by criminal means. The article deals with criminal socially dangerous acts that involve giving a legal form to the origin of money or other property through their transfer or exchange, non-disclosure or concealment of the real nature of sources, locations, methods of disposal, movement, rights in relation to money or other property or its belongings, if the money or other property was obtained as a result of criminal activity. The presence of public danger determines the importance of studying modern approaches to combating these crimes. In this aspect, the systematization of methods of counteraction comes to the fore, both in terms of differentiation into types, and in accordance with the levels of combating crime. In addition, the scientific community has not yet developed a universal approach to the exact systematization of the subjects of counteraction to the criminal acts in question. Without a precise definition of an exhaustive list of subjects, it is not possible to effectively modernize the mechanisms for combating crime. The purpose of the article is to study modern ideas about countering the legalization (laundering) of money or other property acquired by another person in a criminal way. Research objectives: to characterize the levels of counteraction to the analyzed criminal acts; describe the links of the countermeasure system; characterize the subjects of counteraction, as well as the corresponding measures. When writing the article, the author used the methods of comparison, legal analysis, analysis of scientific publications. The method of system-logical analysis was also used.
Subjects of crime investigation during the validity period of normative legal acts of 1917‒1921
UDC: 930.24
Section: LAW
Authors: Svetlana A. Yakovleva; Ekaterina A. Averina;
The events of the beginning of the 20th century in Russian history are multifaceted. Their dynamism was manifested not only in a bright change in the political situation, but also in the rapid reform of the activities of all state structures, which marked the publication of many legal acts that can today be attributed to monuments of law of a bygone era, reflecting the thinking of statesmen of the last century. The peculiarity of the normative legal acts of the period 1917‒1921 was manifested in the concentration of the functions of prosecution and preliminary investigation in the internal structure of the judicial system. There were no special state departments whose main task was to exercise prosecutorial supervision. The judiciary had oversight powers. In the period under review, colleges were created that devoted their activities to the prosecution and took part mainly at the judicial stage. The participation of the accuser was not obligatory in the criminal proceedings of revolutionary Russia. The decision on their admission to participate in the case was taken independently by the judicial authority. The Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies formed special investigative commissions that performed the function of investigating a crime. However, the investigators did not always carry out the preliminary investigation. The people's judge could independently carry out the investigation of the crime without interaction with other law enforcement agencies and departments. The policy of the Red Terror, launched in 1918, strengthened the repressive role of the investigation, weakening the function of the prosecution, making it optional. Subsequently, the formation of justice bodies by the leadership of the RSFSR had an impact on the professionalism of the activities of subjects of criminal jurisdiction. The need to admit highly qualified employees to justice ensured the state interest in a comprehensive study of a criminal act. The norms laid down in the legal acts of the period under study became the foundation for the codification of criminal proceedings in 1922.
The importance of computer-technical devices in criminal procedural proof
UDC: 343.1
Section: LAW
Authors: Svetlana A. Yakovleva; Andrey A. Mikhailov;
The process of introducing digital technologies into all spheres of society, called digitalization, could not but affect the criminal process. In criminal procedure, both subjects of criminal jurisdiction and participants who do not have powers of authority, widely use technical means that can speed up the process of investigating a crime and obtaining reliable evidence. However, we must not forget the legal provisions of Art. 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation and the fact that evidence can be admissible only in the case of their clear institutional legislative regulation and compliance with constitutional and criminal procedural principles. Unfortunately, in modern investigative and judicial practice, many essential procedural provisions are replaced by subordinate regulatory legal acts. Thus, the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation does not regulate the procedure for obtaining copies of documents from the verification material or criminal case by participants in criminal proceedings who do not have authority. The terms “technical means” and “electronic media” used by the legislator do not reveal their essence and raise questions of interpretation. The authors propose to replace the concepts of “technical means” and “electronic media” with more precise concepts of “computer-technical devices” and “computer-technical media”. The introduction of the definition of “computer information” into the Russian Criminal procedure law and the addition of a new type of inspection - inspection of computer information into the list of investigative actions will solve many problems of criminal procedural evidence. In criminal procedural proof, it is necessary to take into account both the technical characteristics of the computer-technical devices used, and their legal signs expressed in the documents on belonging to the department, suitability for work, which together allow determining the admissibility, reliability and relevance of the evidence collected. The authors conclude that the materials of photography, filming, video recordings and sound recordings (audio recordings) should be considered as independent evidence, referring to other documents, and clarify the wording of Article 84 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.