Vestnik 2 (22) 2020
- Title:
- Vestnik 2 (22) 2020
- Number:
- 2
- Year:
- 2020
- Date publication on the site:
- 2020-08-19 10:21:18
- Full journal in PDF:
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Content all 14
MARI FAMILY IN THE DESCRIPTIONS OF FOREIGNERS OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES
UDC: 930.85
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Nadezhda A. Vaskanova; AnaniyG. Ivanov;
Introduction. In a comprehensive study of the topic of the Mari family in the XIX ‒ early XX centuries,
it is important to use a wide range of written sources, including the testimonies of foreign scientists and travelers
based on their personal observations. Their uniqueness lies in the fact that they express the vision of some
important aspects of the life of the Mari traditional family through the eyes of a foreigner. This article attempts
to analyze the features of the development of family and marriage relations, the structure of the peasant family of various sub-ethnic groups of the Mari people on the basis of expedition materials from European researchers.
The purpose of the article is to study the problem of the traditional peasant family and family and marriage relations of the meadow, mountain and eastern Mari people in the XIX ‒ early XX centuries, based on the evidence
of foreign scientists and travelers. Materials and methods. This work uses published historical and ethnographic
evidence, travel notes and diary entries of European scientists dedicated to the study of the Mari peasant family
in the XIX ‒ early XX centuries. The research is based on the principles of historicism, concreteness and objectivity
with the use of historical-comparative and historical-typological methods. Research results and discussions.
Despite the descriptive nature of the presented written sources and the lack of use of comparative materials,
the scientific works of European researchers greatly complement the evidence of Russian contemporaries about
the Mari traditional family of the time under consideration and allow us to analyze the features of intra-family
relations and stable ceremonial elements of the Mari wedding in a holistic manner. Conclusion. Thus, foreign
scientists have collected the most valuable historical, ethnographic, folklore and anthropological materials
that reflect various aspects of the material and spiritual life of the traditional family of the meadow, mountain
and eastern Mari in the XIX ‒ early XX centuries.
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF PRINTING IN THE REPUBLIC OF MARI EL(LATE XIX–FIRST THIRD OF THE XX CENTURY)
UDC: 070:947.8(470.343)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Aleksey A. Ivanov; Oleg M. Petrov;
Introduction. The study of the process of formation of printing and publishing is one of the urgent tasks of regional historiography. Consideration of this issue within a single area is of interest not only to identify the features of local features of this process, but also to better understand the general patterns of development of the entire printing sphere of the Mari El Republic. The purposeof this article is to study the process of origin and formation of printing and publishing in the Mari Territory at the beginning of the XX century. The article attempts to define the role of printing in the culturaldevelopment of the Mari Autonomous Region (MAR). Materials and methods. The primary research materials were archival documents of the State Archive of the Republic of Mari El (SA RME), newspaper publications, as well as scientific papers and articles ofresearchers on this issue. The basis of the work is mainly historical-genetic, historical-systemic and problem-historical methods, which made it possible to trace the origin of the first printed publications in the Mari Territory, the stages of their development, as well as to analyze the cause-effect relationships and patterns of historical development. Research results, discussions. In the course of the study, the authors identified and analyzed the stages of the Mari printing development, as well as a set of problems that hinder their further evolution. Conclusion. In thecourse of the formation and development of the Mari printing,despite a number of problems, the leadership of the MARsolved the following problems: the first and second state printing houses were put into operation, the publication of literature and periodicals in the Mari and Russian languages was launched, and the Mari Regional Publishing House was established. The fulfillment of these tasks made it possible to provide the population of the Mari Autonomous Region with literature and periodicals, which gave a strong impetus to the cultural and social developmentof the region.
PERSONNEL POLICY ON THE FORMATION OF THE COUNCILS OF NATIONAL ECONOMY OF THE USSRIN THE LATE 1950S –EARLY 1960S:BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE AUTONOMIES OF THE MIDDLE VOLGAREGION
UDC: 338.244 (09)(470.344) «1957/1962»
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Aleksey I. Mineev; Ksenofont N. Sanukov;
In the article, based on the material of the Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics,the historical experience of the implementation of the country’sadministrative and economic transformations that took place in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960sis studied. The issueof the formation of Councils of National Economy (CNE) on the territory of individual economic regions is investigated. Based on archival sources, the powers and structure of the CNEare defined. In their daily activities, the economic councils relied on technical and economic councils that were associated with a wide rangeof people, public organizations, scientific institutions, and regional Sovietgoverningbodies. Throughout the years of existence and activity of economic councils in the autonomies of the Middle Volga region, which were slowly moving from the category of agricultural to industrial republics, there were acute issues of providing sectors of the national economy, primarily industry, transport and construction, with certified engineeringand technical personnel, production specialists. Of course, to implement the tasks assigned to the CNE, professional, highly qualified engineering and technical personnel were needed. It is no coincidence that the personnel problem has become one of the mainproblems faced by the newly created economic councils. In order to provide the republics with professionalpersonnel, capable of organizing production processes, specialists from Moscow were approved for key leadership positions in the councilsof national economy. In 1962, the enlargement of the economic councils took place, during which their number sharply decreased, and they themselves began to include the industry of several administrative regions. Thus, in accordance with the decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of December 16, 1962, an enlarged Volgo-Vyatka Council of National Economy was created in February 1963, as a result of which the Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash economic councils were liquidated with the transfer of their subor-dinate enterprises to the new CNE. Despite all the difficulties, the economic councils over the years of their operation have done a very important and significant job of training senior and middle managers, improvingthe education and qualifications of engineering and technical workers.
SOCIAL MEMORY OF THE LIFE AND EVERYDAY LIFE OF A WOMAN SCIENTIST IN THE “PRE-THAW” SOVIET CINEMA (1945–1955)
UDC: 778.5(091)"1945-1955"
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Nataliya L. Pushkareva;
The article provides an overview of Soviet films, reflecting the image of a woman scientist and created by the “pre-thaw” cinema (1945–1955). According to the author of the article, the “pre-thaw” Soviet cinema is full of mythologies that determine both the content and design of variouscultural phenomena. These include the cine-matic image of a woman scientist, reflecting the new Soviet reality. At the same time, the cinema of that time did not so much reflect, but construct reality. The attention of directors began to be attracted by female employees of research institutes and university teachers, who represented a separate part of the educated urban Soviet elite in the post-war USSR. The article describes two periods in the history of Soviet post-war cinema, when the images of the idealwoman scientist were created and the glorification of Science took place in general. The author gives the most vivid examples of cinematic images of women scientists (the collective image of L.Orlova’s heroine from the film “Spring”; the film image of thescientist Sophia Kovalevskaya in the film of the same name).The author insists that after the end of the World War II, cinema reflected changes in ideas about the ideal woman scientist. New approaches to evaluating Soviet cinema are possible thanks to thediscovery of modern interpreta-tive concepts (primarily the gender concept), which describe the social memory of the life and everyday life of rare women scientists in the era when they were literally few in the USSR.
THE HISTORY OF INSURANCE IN RUSSIA FROM ITS INCEPTION TO THE DIGITAL AGE
UDC: 368.013
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Stanislav V. Pushkarev;
Introduction.In contrast to the countries of developed legal orders of Western Europe and North America, the development of insurance in Russia began much later and was complicated by many obstacles. Nevertheless, each historical period brought something of its own tothe development of insurance, as a result of which insur-ance in Russia acquired its inherent features. Purpose.In this work, based on a study of historical normative documents and scientific literature, the goal is to determine the main features of the development of insurance in various periods of Russian history. Materials and methods.The work is based on the comparison and analysis of various sources relating to the economic, organizational and legal components of insurance as a comprehen-sive institution, as well as on the description of specific circumstances of the development of insurance in Russia. In this case, the comparative historical method plays a key role. Results, discussion.Only during the 20th centu-ry three periods were successively changed in the development of Russian insurance. Initially, as a result of revolutionary events, the consistent development of capitalist insurance was interrupted and replaced by centralized state insurance, which gave the world a unique experience of universal social and pension insurance. At the end of the century, in the process of a much more evolutionary change, the renovation of market mecha-nisms took place, which needed to combine the best practices from previous experience. Conclusion.Based on thestudy, it is concluded that insurance in Russia, having gone through three completely different stages of development, is currently experiencing another turning point in its history and is faced with challenges and problems that it has never known before. Nevertheless, having tremendous experience in both administrative-command and market regulation, as well as using the latest digital and remote development tools, the insurance industry has a lot of possibilities of gaining a new impetus for development.
THE STATE AND PROBLEMS OF STAFFING THE SCHOOL EDUCATION SYSTEM AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY: A REGIONAL ASPECT
UDC: 304.3:316.32(1.470.344)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: MikhailN. Uryasov;
The article reveals the problems of staffing the education system on the example of the Chuvash Republic. The changes that occurred in the social and economic sphere in the late 1990s –early 2000s, which significantly influenced the situation in the traditional school education in Russia and its regions, are studied. It is noted that the is-sues of staffing the education system of the republic are the subject of special attention from the management struc-tures, primarily, the Ministry of Education and Youth Policy of Chuvashia and municipal educational authorities. Thanks to the professionalism of the teaching staff, the results of the unified state examination of school graduatesof Chuvashia are annually higher than the average Russian indicators in all academic subjects. According to the results of evaluating the effectiveness of organizational and technological support for the USE stage, the Chuvash Republic annually ranks among the leaders in the ratings among all regions of the country. Based on thesources, the article reveals that in order to attract talented young people to the educational sphere, state support measures for young teachers are being implemented in the region to improve housing conditions and increase wages. However, statistical data suggest that among the main problems of staffing the educational system in theregion, aging of pedagogical workers remains, therefore, in the republic, as well as in the Russian Federation, the rejuvenation of the teaching staff is one of the prioritytasks of the state.
SOCIAL POLICY OF THE AUTHORITIES OF THE MARI ASSRDURING THE WARYEARS (1941‒1945)
UDC: 94(47).084(470.343)"1941-1945"
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Kristina I. Fedorova;
Introduction.The Great Patriotic War became a serious test for the USSR. The mobilizing and organizing role during the war was played by the state power in the system of state administration. Itmanaged the society, determined the strategy, and controlled the implementation of the tasks assigned to the executive bodies. This article discusses the implementation of the social policy of the authorities in relation to the citizens of the Mari ASSR.The purposeof the research is toanalyze the social policy of public authorities and government during the war years in the Mari Territory. Materials and methods.The workused awide range of documentation, which allowed usto fully characterize the activities of the state authority of the Mari ASSR and the contribution of the Mari people to the victory over Germany. The article used general scientific methods (description) and special historical (historical and comparative). Research results, discussions.Changes in the functioning of state authoritiesand government in emergency situations led to the creation of extra-constitutional authorities, the State Defense Committee, and the Plenipotentiaries of the State Defense Committee were appointed in the regions. The Supreme Council and its Presidium of the MASSR performed the role of the legislative authority. Decrees adopted by the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the MASSR between sessions were approved by the Supreme Coun-cil of the MASSR. Changes occurring at the level of the all-Union scale were manifested in the regions. The authoritiescarried out a policy of supportingthe population. It wasexpressed in tangibleand intangible benefits. Conclusion. Thus,during the years of World War II, social policy in the Mari ASSR was implemented. Most families and people with disabilities who neededhelp,received support from the state.
RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH IN THE REPUBLIC OF MARI EL IN 1988–1997
UDC: 271.2(470.343)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Eduard V. Chemyshev;
Introduction.The article presents the results of a study of the Russian Orthodox Church activities in the Republic of Mari El in 1988 –1997. This period is of interest from the viewpoint of creating prerequisites for the formationof the modern religious situation inthe region and revealing the features of the development of the Russian Orthodox Church before the adoption of the new law on religious freedom in 1997. Purpose of the study.The purposeof the study is to obtain objective historical information about theactivities of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Republic of Mari El in 1988–1997. Materials and research methods. The main research methods are: historical-systemic, historical-genetic, historical-comparative, content analysis of periodicals, periodization method. The study is based on archival data, documentary sources and information obtained through content analysis of periodicals. Research results, discussions.The article consistently identifies the main features of the development of the Russian Orthodox Church in Mari El in 1988–1997. Conclusion.A feature of the development of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Mari El Republic during the study period was intensive work to increase the number of regis-tered religious organizations and to return, restore religious buildings and build new ones. An event that contributed to the strengthening of the role of the Russian Orthodox Church was the creation of a separate Yoshkar-Olaand Mari diocese, which actively continued missionary work with the population, which began in the late 1980s, and revived the traditions of Orthodoxy by consolidating the role of the Russian Orthodox Church in the cultural, social and political life of the region. The characteristic features of the revival of the Russian OrthodoxChurch and the spread of its influence in the Republic of Mari El during the period under study were objective in nature, due to the lack of a stable system of interfaith relations and norms regulating state-church relations. The features of the development of the Russian Orthodox Church are also due to its dominant role in the religious life of the region.
LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT TRANSFORMATIONS AND PUBLIC CONTROL
UDC: 342.55
Section: LAW
Authors: Denis S. Mikheev;
Introduction.Local self-government in the modern historyof Russia is in constant transformation. Many changesto the basic law on local self-government testify to the search for an optimal model for organizing local authori-ties. The institutionof public control that has appeared recently has become widespread in local self-government. New areas of activity of local authorities cannot be implemented without the participation and control of society. The purpose of the studyis the scientific analysis, evaluation and justification of public control in the field of local self-government as a necessary element of municipal democracy. Methods.The methodological basis of the study covers the totality of general and special methods of cognition. Among them are analysis, synthesis and analogy. However, mainly, special legal methods were applied (formal-legal, system-structural, comparative).Research, results, discussions.It has been revealed that at the local level, new tasks have appeared that local governments can only solve together with the population. In this case, the public control is also assigned to the population. An example is one of the national projects –“Formation of a comfortable urban environment”, the implementation of which requires the involvement of the population. The analysis showed that the selection of courtyards and public spaces, included in the list for priority improvement of the municipality, occurs only after the procedure of public discussion by residents. Further, residents by means of rating votingdetermine the specific territories to be improved. The local community also exercises public control at all stages of the project. Conclusion. As a result of the study, a proposal has beendevelopedto improve legislation in terms of consolidating public control as a new form of municipal democracy.
DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR COMBATING SUICIDE CRIMES IN MODERN CONDITIONS
UDC: 343.3/.7
Section: LAW
Authors: Seyitmurat I. Shamuradov; Larisa V. Monakhova;
Introduction. According to WHO, Russia is in the third place in terms of suicide rate, exceeding the world averagenumber of suicides per capita by 2.5 times, so the improvement of the legal mechanism for the protection of human life continues to be relevant. An important element in the system of such a mechanism is the rules of criminal law ensuring the safety of human life. Russian legislation provides for criminal liability for crimes related to suicide: article 110 of the Criminal Code, article 110.1 of the Criminal Code and article 110.2 of the Criminal Code. This makes the topic of the article relevant. Purpose.The purpose of the work is to identify ways to improve the legal and regulatory framework for combating suicide-related crimes in modern conditions. Materials and methods.The materials for this article were the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and other legal acts dealing with various aspects of the activities of state authori-ties to preventcrimes related to suicide. The following methods were used: systemic, complex, logical-legal, specific-legal, comparative-legal, etc. Results, discussion.The study of the issues ofcombating crimes related to suicide in modern conditions, revealed the need to use an integrated approach to scientific and theoretical reflection of the range of issues related to the organization of such counteraction by state authorities. The researchallowed us to offer new approaches to the qualification of crimes provided for by Articles 110, 110.1 and 110.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. A set of proposals aimed at improving criminal law against these negative phenomena has been developed. Conclusion.We concluded that articles 110 and 110.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation have considerable similarities, and by committing the acts provided for therein, the perpetrator seeks the same result. Combining these articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation will contribute to the optimization of legislation, ensure the proper capacity of criminal law regulations and facilitate the work of the law enforcement officer.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL REGULATION OF THE CONCEPT AND SYSTEM OF INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS
UDC: 343.1
Section: LAW
Authors: Svetlana A. Yakovleva; Daria V. Sharova;
The essence of investigative actions is determined by the goals and objectives of pre-trial criminal proceedings. According to the verification material and the criminal case, the investigative actions are aimed at forming evidence that determines the correct qualification of the crime, creating conditions for proper criminal prosecu-tion of a person involved in the commission of a crime and the legaland justified application of criminal law to him, as well as the restoration of an object protected by the criminal law, violated by a criminal act. A specific feature of determining the additional purpose of investigative actions at the stage of initiation of criminal proceedings is associated with the establishment of the presence or absence of signs of a crime and the decision to initiate or refuse to initiate criminal proceedings. The Criminal Procedure Law does not disclose the concept and list of investigative actions, which makes it difficult to determine the actions prohibited after the suspension of the preliminary investigation of a criminal case. Investigative actions and other procedural actions are referred by the legislator to the methods of collecting evidence. The use by the legislator in Part 1 of Article 86 of the Criminal ProcedureCodeof the Russian Federationthe notion of “other proceedingsˮcreatesthe problem of delimiting investigative actionsfrom other proceduralones. There is “confusionˮin determining the list of inves-tigative actions, when the legislator, regulating in article 164–170 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation the General rules of investigative actions, their list includes the seizure of property, sale, disposal or destruction of material evidence. These actions are not cognitive in nature. The authors propose to capturein clause 41.1 of Article 5 of the Criminal Procedure Code the notion of investigative actions as “governed by the provisions of chapters 24–27 of the Criminal Procedure Code, criminal procedure actionscarried out by the authorized officer in order to build evidence relevant to the investigation and resolution of the criminal caseˮ. The procedural mechanism for conducting investigative actions must contain fundamental provisions of legality that requireclear legal regulation of the production of each investigative action, which, in fact, is a postulate.
ISSUES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE REGULATION OF THE DETENTION OF AWANTED SUSPECT
UDC: 343.1
Section: LAW
Authors: Svetlana A. Yakovleva; Ildar R. Yunisov;
The authors draw attention to the fact that the detention of a wantedsuspect is a subject to the rules provided for in Chapter 12 of the Criminal Procedure Code, this is mentioned by the legal provision of part 3 and 4 of Article 210of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. However, Chapter 12 of the Criminal Procedure Codeof the Russian Federation does not regulate the detention of a suspect in connection with a search. The announce-ment of the suspect on the wanted listfollows from his violation of the obligationto be “in the criminal case”in connection with the crime investigation. At the same time, it is not clear that thereare no legislative prescrip-tionsto explain to the suspect such an obligationand hisfulfillment of obligationsarising from the purposes of selecting preventive measures, named in article 97of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. The legislator does not establish requirements for the explanation of a suspect, received the status of one of the formal-legal grounds, specifiedin paragraphs1–4 of part 1 of Article 46 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, the obligation not to abscond from the bodies of investigation and court (not to leave the place of permanent residence, to be on call), not to engage in criminal activity, not to interfere with the proceedings in a criminal case.Therefore, it is impossible to talk about the existence of a criminal procedural relationship between a suspect and a subject of criminal jurisdiction with their mutual rights and obligations. The authors draw attention to thelack of a clear criminal procedural regulation of the search for a suspect and his detention and propose the legislative establishment of forms of procedural interaction between the investigation and inquiry bodies, the investigation bodies and the court at the place of detention or at the place of investigation of a criminal case.The core of the interaction should be a separate search order with fixation in it of the search order, actual arrest, personal search of the de facto detainee, immediate notification of the actual arrest of the wanted citizen and delivery to the investigation authorities.The suspect must be interrogated immediately after the detention order has been issued, which, according to the authors, requires legislative establishment.
GUIDEBOOK “YOUR OWN TOUR OPERATORˮAS A WAY TO STUDY THE TOURIST POTENTIAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE PEOPLES OF THE REPUBLIC OF MARI EL
UDC:
Section: CHRONICLE
Authors: Irina V. Kandakova;
The article describes the specifics of the first guidebook on the Republic of Mari El “One’s own tour operator”, prepared as part of a project for a grant from the President of the Russian Federation.The author positions this guide as a specialized reference and information publication in the tourism industry, and also analyzes the role of the projectin the implementation of the tasks of the National Policy Strategy of the Russian Federation.
PARTICIPATION OF THE MARI STATE UNIVERSITY IN THE ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES
UDC:
Section: CHRONICLE
Authors: Galina V. Rokina;
Rokina G.V. Participation of the Mari State University in the Association for European Studies.Vestnik of the Mari State University. Chapter“History. Law”.2020, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 212213. (InRuss.)