VESTNIK 4(24) 2020
- Title:
- VESTNIK 4(24) 2020
- Number:
- 4
- Year:
- 2020
- Date publication on the site:
- 2021-01-15 14:43:40
- Full journal in PDF:
-
Content all 12
VIZIER WHO HAD THE POWER OF SULTAN: IBRAHIM PASHA OF PARGA
UDC: 9.94
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Alim M. Abidulin; Ekaterina A. Kozub;
The article examines the biography of the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire Ibrahim
Pasha and his influence on Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent. Particular attention is paid to its role in establishing
diplomatic ties between the Ottoman state and the European powers. There are several versions regarding the
origin of Ibrahim Pasha, there are different views on his political activities. Despite the fact that both European
and Ottoman chronicles describe in detail the events of the period under study, many facts about the life of Ibrahim
Pasha up to his appointment as Grand Vizier were almost not preserved, just as the description of his activities as
a politician and commander is incomplete. Results. The paper pays particular attention to the role of Ibrahim Pasha
in the expansion of the territories of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. Within the framework of this, the
work of the Grand Vizier as a pragmatic diplomat and statesman is considered. The actions of Ibrahim Pasha
during the western and eastern military campaigns are considered. The attitude and assessment of the role of
Ibrahim Pasha in military campaigns by Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent is investigated. Thanks to the preserved
records of contemporaries, it was concluded that the activities of the Grand Vizier were appreciated by
the Sultan. In addition, some features of negotiation by Ibrahim Pasha and the results of his diplomatic activities
are considered. Purpose: analysis of the personality of Ibrahim Pasha, equal in power to Sultan Suleiman I the
Magnificent. Materials and methods. To analyze the personality of Ibrahim Pasha, whose domestic and foreign
policy is an integral part of the Ottoman imperial history, the authors used a systematic approach, the application
of which is largely due to the fact that the formation of the Ottoman imperial system was influenced by a number
of factors related to both the personal qualities of politicians and a number of social, political, religious and
ethnic factors. Chronicles, works of Ottoman and European historians of Modern Times, as well as modern historiography
served as materials for the study. Conclusion. Despite the tragic fate of Ibrahim Pasha, the Grand
Vizier, a man from a simple Christian family, managed not only to reach career heights, but also to make
a significant contribution to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Ottoman Empire and European
powers, as well as to influence the expansion of the territory of the state.
LEGAL BASIS FOR THE ACTIVITIES OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE CHUVASH ASSR (LATE 1970S – EARLY 1990S)
UDC: 323.329(470.344)«1946/1991»
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Vasiliy A. Gvozdev;
The article discusses the regulatory framework of the Council of Ministers of the Chuvash
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the period after the adoption of the Constitution of the Chuvash ASSR in
1978. The main regulatory acts that determine the structure, functions and powers of the government of the republic
are highlighted. The purpose of the article is the establishment of legally established rules that underlie the activities
of the Council of Ministers of the Chuvash ASSR as the highest executive body of the republic. Materials
and methods. The key source of evidence for the study was the laws and regulations of state bodies of the USSR,
the RSFSR and the Chuvash ASSR, which regulated to the greatest extent the main aspects of the organization and
activities of the Council of Ministers of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The author was guided
primarily by the historical-genetic, historical-typological and historical-comparative methods of historical research,
based on the principles of objectivity, historicism and systematicity. Research results, discussion. The legal foundations
of the activities of the Council of Ministers of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were determined
with varying degrees of concretization in thousands of regulatory legal acts emanating from the legislative and executive authorities of the USSR, the RSFSR and the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In the most
complete form, the main issues of the organization and activities of the republican government were prescribed
in the Law of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic “On the Council of Ministers of the Chuvash
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic”, which ran from mid-December 1979 until the end of July 1992.
Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the basis of the regulatory framework of the
Council of Ministers of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the late 1970s and early 1990s was
mainly the Constitution of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the laws of the Supreme Council of the
Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the decrees and resolutions of its Presidium, the decrees and orders of
the Council of Ministers, which in most cases reproduced (duplicated) all-Russian legislation.
MULTI-ISSUE PERIODICAL PRESS OF MARI STATE UNIVERSITY AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE
UDC: 94(47)08(470.4/5)(093)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Snezhana S. Eshtyganova; Alexey A. Ivanov;
The article is devoted to the study of informative resources of the multi – circulation periodicals
of the first classical higher educational institution of the Mari territory-Mari state University (MarSU).
Their significance for the study of the history of higher University education in the Republic of Mari El is
shown. Promising directions for further research of MarSU activities in the field of education and science are
identified. Purpose: to study the history of University education in the Republic of Mari El on the basis of materials
of the University's multi-circulation periodical press. Materials and methods. The article is based on the
principles of historicism and objectivity using methods of analysis, comparison, and description. Research
results and discussions. The relevance of the research is connected with the extreme insufficiency in the
modern domestic research field of works that consider the activities of the University as a whole and its printed
products in particular. The paper uses issues of the Mari University newspaper since 1978 and the Mari
University magazine since 2017. Conclusion. It is concluded that the structure, frequency and long period
of publication of the newspaper “Mari University” and the magazine with the same name allow us to consider
them one of the important and necessary historical sources on the history of higher University education
in the Republic of Mari El.
“REGULATION ON FOREST CONSERVATION” AND ITS REALIZATION IN THE MARI REGION AT THE END OF XIX – THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
UDC: 908(470.343)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Anany G. Ivanov; Aleksander A. Filonov;
The development of forestry in Russia, including the Mari region, in the second half of
XIX – the beginning of the XX century was determined by state policy in this area and the specifics of the
changed forest legislation. The purpose of the article is to characterize the content of the «Regulation on Forest
Conservation» of 1888, which was an important milestone in Russian forest protection legislation, and to identify
the specifics of its realization in the Mari region at the end of XIX – the beginning of the XX century. Materials
and methods. The paper uses archival documents, materials from published sources and scientific literature
on forest issue. The study was carried out on the basis of the principles of historicism, objectivity and systemacity
with using of historical-genetic, comparative-historical, historical-systemic and historical-statistical methods.
Research results and discussions. The «Regulation on Forest Conservation» paid special attention to the management
of forests that were recognized as the most important for the state and society – protective and water conservation forests. They were subject to mandatory conservation and savings. On the territory of the Mari region
there were several dozen forest areas that received protective status. Direct control over the conservation of
forests in each province was carried out by a forest protection committee, which in its activities relied on representatives
of the state forest administration, forest guards, the police and county peasant affairs institutions. The
number of forest areas subordinate to the action of the forest law in the Mari region tended to increase. At the
same time, the realization of the «Regulation» faced certain financial difficulties, a lack of qualified specialists
and a number of other problems. Conclusion. In general, the adoption of the «Regulation on Forest Conservation
» had an undeniable positive impact on the state and development of forest protection legislation and the forestry
industry of Russia, including the Mari region of the period under review.
KOMI AUTONOMOUS REGION IN 1929: KEY EVENTS IN THE REGION
UDC: 94(470.13)"1929"
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Vladislav N. Karakchiev;
In 1929, the Soviet government initiated major projects and reforms that also affected
the Komi Territory. They concerned changes in the structure of the administrative-territorial division both at the
union level and in the region, the approval of the first five-year plan, the organization of the Northern Camp
Administration, the deployment of work on complete collectivization. Purpose: description of the most significant
events in 1929 in the Komi Autonomous Region, which had a significant impact on the further political and
socio-economic development of the region. Materials and methods. This article uses a wide range of scientific
literature, which makes it possible to characterize the key events in the region in 1929. The work uses general
scientific research methods (analysis, comparison, description). Results, discussion. The Komi Autonomous Region,
despite the active resistance of the regional leadership, in January 1929 was included in the Northern Territory.
The implementation of the tasks of the first five-year plan, which provided for the construction of the Pinyug –
Syktyvkar railway, the construction of a pulp and paper mill, the production of timber for export, etc., was frozen
or dragged on for several decades. The Administration of Northern Special Purpose Camps in Syktyvkar, created in June 1929 by order of the OGPU, contributed to the creation of the GULag network, namely Ukhtizhemlag,
Vorkutlag, Sevzheldorlag and other camps that existed in the Komi Territory until the 1950s. Replacement of the
“volost-uyezd-oblast” management system with a new administrative-territorial structure “village councildistrict-
oblast” reduced the area of settlements, which contributed to the approach of the Soviet apparatus to
the population. The course taken in 1929 for the complete collectivization of agriculture advanced in the region
extremely slowly and was ineffective. Conclusion. Thus, the events of 1929 in the Komi Autonomous Region,
namely, the change in the administrative-territorial division, the approval of the first five-year plan, the creation
of the Northern Camp Administration, the deployment of complete collectivization, significantly influenced
the political and socio-economic development of the Komi Autonomous Region.
ALEKSEY FILIPPOV’S DISAPPEARED TEXTBOOK ON RUSSIAN HISTORY
UDC: 94(47).083
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Maksim V. Medovarov;
The history of teaching Russian History in the Russian Empire, especially in church
educational institutions, remains almost unexplored. Our turning to an unknown episode with an attempt to publish
a book on Russian History, intended for parochial schools and theological schools, will fill the gap in this
topic. The purpose of the article is to analyze the surviving information about the textbook by Aleksey Filippov
for church educational institutions and the circumstances of its creation. Materials and methods. The research
is based on archival materials from the fund of the Department of Manuscripts of the Russian National Library
and some other archives due to the fact that there are no published sources on this topic. The main research
method is historical and genetic, which made it possible to reconstruct the exact sequence of events on the basis
of letters from different times. Results, discussion. The author analyzed the circumstances of writing the
textbook “The legend of how and by what Russia was built” by Aleksey Filippov in 1896–1899. On the basis
of A. Filippov’s and his correspondents’ (Sergey Rachinsky, Konstantin Pobedonostsev) letters the main content
of this work is reconstructed, the author’s innovative approach to teaching History to children is emphasized.
The history of the approval of “The legend of…” and the final failure in its publication are being restored.
Conclusion. It is concluded that despite the longtime sympathy of K.P. Pobedonostsev to Aleksey Filippov,
the inertia of the Educational Committee under the Holy Synod and of the entire church educational system
did not allow in 1899 to publish the ready-made and pre-approved text of reading book on Russian History,
written by Filippov.
TEACHER OF THE MARI STATE PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER N. K. KRUPSKAYA S. I. KOSTROV – HERO OF THE SOVIET UNION
UDC: 94(47).084.8(470.343):378-051
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Aleksey G. Oshaev;
This article reveals the military history and labor path of the teacher of the Department
of Civil Defense of the Mari State Pedagogical Institute named after N. K. Krupskaya, Hero of the Soviet Union, Stanislav Ivanovich Kostrov, who did a lot of work on military-patriotic education of young people. Many historical
facts of S. I. Kostrov's front-line path are presented in publications about the Heroes of the Soviet Union. The thrilling
chronicle of the Great Patriotic War is updated with new pages every year. The purpose of the article is to study
the most important events in the life of S. I. Kostrov, his personal contribution to the victory in the Great Patriotic
War, training in the Pedagogical Institute and the formation of patriotism among young people. Materials
and methods. The work is based on the use of published materials and documents preserved in the archive and
Museum of History of the Mari State University, which allow us to recreate a complete picture of the front-line
and labor activities of S. I. Kostrov, to determine the degree of his influence on the educational process and personality
formation. The research methodology is based on the principle of historicism. The factual material of the article
is revealed by using the historical and biographical method, which allows the researcher to give a consistent and
complete description of the characterized events. Research results and discussions. Various periods of the veteran's
life and activity are comprehensively studied. S. I. Kostrov was born on March 10, 1923 in Shepetovka,
Khmelnitsky region. In August 1942, he was called up to serve in the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. During
the Great Patriotic War, he took part in the battles on the Bryansk, Belorussian and 1st Belorussian fronts.
He especially distinguished himself during the liberation of Poland. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet of the USSR on March 24, 1945, Lieutenant Stanislav Kostrov was awarded the high title of Hero of the
Soviet Union and the order of Lenin and “Gold Star” medal for the courage and heroism shown during the steam
crossing of the Vistula River and in the battles on the captured bridgehead. S. I. Kostrov made a significant
contribution to the training and patriotic education of youth in the Mari State Pedagogical Institute named after
N. K. Krupskaya. The teacher was engaged in active social activities. He initiated the creation of a Room of Military
Glory at the Institute, organized and conducted lessons in courage. Over the years of work at the Institute,
his achievements were marked by labor awards. Conclusion. The article allows expanding the understanding
of students, teachers and interested readers about the fate and activities of the Hero of the Soviet Union S. I. Kostrov,
who defended the Motherland with weapons in his hands, and worked for its glory in the peaceful field.
EVOLUTION OF POLITICAL DOCTRINES AND PRACTICES ON THE SEPARATION OF AUTHORITIES: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN REALITY AND PROPER IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
UDC: 327
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Evgeniy V. Suslov;
Abstract. The aim of the article is to substantiate the applicability of the theory of separation of powers not only
in the internal, but also in the sphere of interaction of states at the international level. Characteristic of the modern
structure of international relations and world politics, which gives an accurate idea of the main subjects of the
international sphere of activity, in which the most important actors are sovereign states, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations is given in the introduction. It is stated that the international political arena
is replete with different conflicts, based on the discrepancy between the national interests of sovereign states,
their value priorities and status in world politics. The emergence of new international actors led to the phenomenon
of a plurality of international political actors, which required a revision of their relations with each other.
Sovereign states found themselves in a somewhat disadvantaged position compared to intergovernmental organizations,
despite the fact that these institutions were formed by states. However, the author argues that the capabilities
and powers of states as dominant international actors have suffered little and they still have the sovereign
rights of the most important actors of international politics. When analyzing the process of institutionalization of
internal and international conflicts, the author uses institutional method within the framework of the rationalcritical
paradigm. The concept of “institution” is analyzed in details with reference to some scientific authorities
in this field. The most preferred of which is S. Huntington, who proposed a new understanding of institutions as
“the rules of the game”; according to him, the principle of separation of powers acts as a norm that contributes to
the decentralization of power and the distribution of responsibility between rival political subjects. S. Huntington
says that the more complex the organization is the higher is the level of its institutionalization. An organization
that pursues many goals is more able to lose any of the goals, in comparison with the organization pursuing a
single goal. We may conclude that simple forms of government and organization of international interaction are
most likely to degenerate, while the state, surrounded by many actors, could be prosperous and successful.
“WE STILL HAVEN'T LEARNED HOW TO MANAGE”: PERSONNEL POLICY DURING THE NEP PERIOD
UDC: 94(470)“1921/1929”:631.1
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Olga N. Sutyrina;
Abstract. Introduction. The article is based on previously unpublished sources that reveal approaches to personnel
policy in the Mari Autonomous Region. General trends in the formation of the Soviet bureaucracy in the
1920s are revealed. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the features of personnel policy in the Mari
Autonomous Region. Materials and methods. The work is based on previously unpublished documents of the
State Archives of the Republic of Mari El (SA RME) (Fund of the Mari regional Committee of the
RCP(b)/AUCP(b), Fund of the Council of Workers', Peasants', and Red Army Soldiers’ Deputies of the Mari
Autonomous Region and its Executive Committee), as well as materials of the VI regional Congress of Soviets
of the Mari Autonomous Region. The methodological basis of the work is the principles of dialectics and historicism,
objectivity and consistency of scientific analysis. Special historical methods were used: comparativehistorical,
problem-chronological. Results, discussion. Research over the past thirty years has shown that this
topic has become an interdisciplinary one: history, economics, sociology, political science, and law successfully
complement each other within the framework of methodological approaches, historiographical principles
and sources. Conclusion. The mechanism for implementing the personnel policy consisted of several factors:
economic (expenses for the maintenance of the Soviet apparatus, differences in wages by spheres and industries,
taking into account the capabilities of the region); legislative (relevant regulatory framework); ideological (correct understanding of politics, loyal attitude to the government, party affiliation (RCP(b)/AUCP(b)); social
(priority of workers' and peasants' origin, level of education); organizational (ability to make managerial
decisions and organize the activities of the apparatus).
REFLECTION OF THE PROCESS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE CENTRALIZATION IN SCHOOL HISTORY TEXTBOOKS OF THE LATE 1930S − EARLY 1950S
UDC: 93/94
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Nikita V. Tikhomirov;
Abstract. Introduction. The article is devoted to a topical historiographic problem related to the study of the
genesis of the Russian centralized state and its reflection in textbooks on Russian history in the late 1930s – early
1950s. Purpose: to consider the features of the presentation of the process of the formation of a single Russian
state in the XV−XVI centuries in textbooks on the history of the USSR during the Stalinist leadership; to identify
the factors that determined the content of the conclusions and assessments of the relevant phenomena and events;
to trace changes in approaches to solving key problems related to this topic. Materials and methods: when preparing
the article, data from personal funds stored in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences; educational
literature published in the historical period under review; articles by major Soviet historians-medievalists,
works by I. V. Stalin were used as a source base. Results. School history textbooks serve as a highly informative
source for studying the process of the formation of the Soviet mono-concept of Russian history in the late 1930s − early 1950s. The formation of an integral set of theoretical ideas about the formation of the Russian state was
one of the most important problems in the construction of the Marxist concept of Russian history. A number of
key provisions were directly predetermined by the theoretical remarks and instructions of I. V. Stalin. The creation
of the concept of centralization took place in line with the criticism of the concept of M. N. Pokrovsky.
Some theoretical conclusions were revised in the course of scientific discussions, which was reflected in the revised
editions of school textbooks. Conclusion. The study of the peculiarities of the presentation of centralization
process in Russia in history textbooks contributes to a better understanding of the development of scientific
thought in the USSR. The analysis of approaches and principles for solving a specific historiographic problem
contributes to the enrichment of the theoretical and methodological ideas of a modern researcher.
PROBLEMS OF STATE REGULATION OF SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS
UDC: 502.4
Section: LAW
Authors: Dmitry S. Chesnokov;
Abstract. The purpose of the research consists in revealing problems in state regulation of especially protected
natural areas and to offer possible ways of their decision. The determining idea is the idea, that the purpose
of federal regulation of the current policy in the field of conservation of specially protected natural areas
in Russia is the construction of a general concept, creation, development and improvements of a complex
of specially protected natural areas to keep biological and landscape diversity, which is the basis of biosphere, thus to take into account some factors: natural accidents, human economic activity. The author focuses his
attention on the reasons why decisions of the constitutional justice bodies are not executed, and also speaks
about the types of responsibility. Further, the positive aspects of solving this problem are discussed through
establishing contacts with supervisory authorities. Solutions which would guarantee the execution of constitutional
court decisions are also proposed. It can be concluded, that the legislative regulation of specially
protected natural areas at all its stages should improve the quality of public administration in the sphere
of organization and functioning of the system of specially protected natural areas in order to ensure environmental
stability, protection of biological and landscape diversity, preserve and rationally use natural and
cultural heritage.
REVIEW OF THE BOOK BY IVANOV V.A., BOYARINTSEVA I.A., IVANOV V.V. “ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF THE MARI MILITIA (1917–2011)”
UDC:
Section: REVIEWS
Authors: Anany G. Ivanov;
MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND HIGHER EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION;
MARI STATE UNIVERSITY. THE 2ND EDITION, SUPPLEMENTED AND REVISED.
YOSHKAR-OLA : VERTOLA PUBL., 2020. 556 P. ISBN 978-5-907280-17-5