VESTNIK 2 (26) 2021
- Title:
- VESTNIK 2 (26) 2021
- Number:
- 2
- Year:
- 2021
- Date publication on the site:
- 2021-08-20 09:01:20
- Full journal in PDF:
-
Content all 10
ON THE HISTORY OF THE YALTA CITY CEMETERY
UDC: 351.776(477.75)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Andrey A. Bulavintsev;
The article was prepared in line with the methodology of necropolistics and is the result of the author's research on the topic of the first cemeteries of Yalta. The author determines their location, initial boundaries, area and geographic coordinates. The episodes of the activity of the Yalta city administration on the search for land for the city's cemeteries are described in detail. When writing the article, the author relied on pre-revolutionary pri-mary sources. In the State Archives of the Republic of Crimea and the Russian State Historical Archives, as well as in some libraries, materials related to the topic of the article were identified and studied. The study involved previously unknown information from 26 archival files and extracts from inaccessible literature by pre-revolutionary authors. Most of the information and archival materials are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. For the first time, 9 fragments of plans and schemes of Yalta with the boundaries of cemeteries are published. The research time frame covers the period from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. The interdisciplinary approach, which the author applied in his research, made it possible to "tie" the historical plans of the city with the help of geodetic programs to the modern coordinate system. They marked the boundaries of the cemeteries of Yalta with a contour, added a north-south direction, and with the help of satellite images, schemes of the city's cemeteries were drawn up and their areas were determined. The designation of the sections of the city cemetery of Yalta with letters was introduced, which were applied by the author to fragments of plans and schemes of the city. A fragment of Massandra's plan shows the contours of the church and sections of cemeteries from later plans of the city. As a result of the study, four pre-revolutionary city cemeteries of Yalta and the time period of their functioning were revealed. The dynamics of territorial changes has been traced and the historical names of these cemeteries have been determined. The article clarifies some questions about the history of the city. The results of the study are of practical importance: thanks to the author's work, any researcher, having data on the date of death and the name of the cemetery, can determine exactly where a person who died once was buried in Yalta and visit this place to commemorate the deceased.
VOLGA FORESTRY ENGINEERING INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER M. GORKY DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR (1941−1945)
UDC: 94(47)08(470.4/5)(093)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Snezhana S. Eshtyganova;
The article is devoted to the study of the activities of the Volga Forestry Engineering Institute named after M. Gorky (VFEI) in the difficult period of the Great Patriotic War for the country. The new tasks of VFEI before the higher school in the conditions of wartime emergency are shown. The Institute was designed to train highly qualified personnel for the forest industry and forestry. The main attention is focused on the structure of the ed-ucational activities of VFEI in the mentioned period and the research work of the teaching staff that is closest to the needs of the defense. Purpose: to study the history of the Volga Forestry Engineering Institute named after M. Gorky during the Great Patriotic War (1941−1945). Materials and methods. The article is written on the ba-sis of the principles of historicism and objectivity using the methods of analysis, comparison, and description. Research results, discussions. The relevance of the study is associated with the extreme insufficiency of works in the modern domestic research field that consider the activities of VFEI in difficult wartime. The paper used previously unpublished documents on the activities of the technical university during the Great Patriotic War from the fund of the State Archive of the Republic of Mari El. Conclusion. It was concluded that VFEI, despite the difficulties of wartime, achieved significant success in educational and scientific work. The Volga Forestry Engineering Institute named after M. Gorky in 1941−1945 prepared 132 specialists for the forestry and wood-working industry. In 1943, a new Faculty of Engineering and Economics, the only one in the USSR, was opened on the basis of VFEI. The Institute did not reduce its teaching staff for four years, and the number of departments increased from 9 to 22.
HISTORICAL MEMORY AND THE PROBLEM OF FORMING RELATIONS BETWEEN SLOVAKIA AND ITS CLOSEST NEIGHBORS
UDC: 94(437.6)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Igor V. Kryuchkov;
The presented material examines the contradictory processes of reflection of historical events on the pages of leading periodicals and information sites in Slovakia. Historical memory becomes an important factor in the identification of Slovaks after the collapse of Czechoslovakia and the formation of the Slovak statehood. Therefore, the appeal of the Slovak society to its historical past becomes an important resource in determining the country's place in the European Community and the Visegrad Four, also in building relations between Slo-vakia and Russia, Poland, the Czech Republic and Ukraine. The author notes that the Slovak mass media recog-nize the extreme politicization of the historical past in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in order to fulfill the
political objectives of certain groups of the ruling elites. As an example, the problem of the “Holodomor” in Ukraine, the actions of the Home Army in the Cieszyn region, etc. are cited. In the article, the author emphasizes that the memory of World War II occupies a significant place on the pages of modern mass media in Slovakia, involving society in complex scientific discussions. In general, the decisive role of the Red Army in the liberation of Central and Eastern Europe is not in doubt in the country. At the same time, the study case emphasizes the emergence of new topics that were not previously reflected in historiography. In recent years, the topic of ac-tions of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and personally S. Bandera, as well as the participation of the Czechoslo-vak army in the defeat of the UPA within the framework of “Operation B”, has surfaced, publications have ap-peared that blame the USSR for the beginning of World War II. Conclusion. In conclusion, the author comes to the point that, despite attempts to revise the history of World War II, partially broadcasted in Slovakia from the Czech Republic and other countries, most of the professional community and the public of the country does not question the importance of the USSR in the defeat of Germany and its allies, they reject the idealization of the UPA, attempts to rehabilitate SS units in the Baltic countries, etc., although the participation of the USSR in the suppression of the “Prague Spring” in 1968 remains a painful topic.
BACCHANALIA AS A POLITICAL THREAT: THE FATE OF THE CULT OF DIONYSUS IN REPUBLICAN ROME
UDC: 94
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Yulia S. Obidina;
Abstract. Introduction. The article discusses the rituals in honor of the god Dionysus in ancient Rome, called the Bacchanalia. The purpose of the article is to consider the Bacchanalia as a rite that threatens the political secu-rity of the Roman state, since the episode with Bacchanalia was one of the most striking examples of how Rome interfered in the internal affairs of the Latin allied communities in Italy. The relevance of the article is re-lated to the consideration of the peculiarities of the reaction of the Roman Senate to the already familiar reli-gious practices, which received a dangerous sound in the changed political situation, since the bacchantes were actually the first religious corporation in Rome, in the activities of which the authorities intervened. The novel-ty of the article lies in the substantiation of the fact that it was the rituals in honor of the god Dionysus (Bac-chus), that is, Bacchanalia, that were the real reason for the intervention of the authorities, and not Bacchus himself. It is emphasized that the repressive policy of the Senate towards the Bacchanalia is more the result of anxiety that has intensified in recent years than something new and sudden, since various references to the fol-lowers of Bacchus in the plays of the comedian Plautus before 186 BC indicate that the nature of the rites was well known to the audience. An analysis of Titus Livy's book 39 Ab Urbe Condita and the inscription Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus show that the Senate opposed the Bacchanalia because it considered them dan-gerous to the welfare of the city-state. For this reason, in 186 BC he issued the Senatus Consultum de Baccha-nalibus, a decision limiting the worship of Dionysus in Rome and Italy. It is noted that despite the fact that the most unacceptable were the ritual actions of the bacchantes, the Roman Senate wanted to control the form and structure of the cult. At the same time, Bacchanalia could not be completely eliminated, because Bacchus was part of the Roman pantheon. Conclusion. It is concluded that the Senate did not suppress the new and unac-ceptable cult, but wanted to suppress the familiar religion, the growth and development of which was previously allowed. The main reason the Senate feared this foreign cult was for fear of mass uprisings, especially among the Italic allies.
“KOZMODEMYANSK CONFLICT” OF 1921−1922 AND THE PERIODICALS OF THE MARI AUTONOMOUS REGION
UDC: 070:947.8(470.343)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Oleg M. Petrov;
Introduction. After the formation of the Mari Autonomous Region (MAR) at the end of 1920, disa-greements arose within the Mari organization of the Russian communist party of the Bolsheviks (RCP (b)) about the location of the capital. The events that followed led to an incident that was named in Mari historiog-raphy as the “Kozmodemyansk conflict”. The consequences of this incident resulted in a rearrangement in the leadership of the region, which affected the development of the press during this period. Purpose: to find out the prerequisites and reasons that led to the appearance of the “Kozmodemyansk conflict”, as well as its impact on the development of the press in 1921−1922. Materials and methods. The study uses archival documents of the State Archives of the Republic of Mari El (SA RME), as well as literature and scientific publications of research-ers on this topic. The research is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. To study the causes of the conflict, as well as its impact on the press, historical-genetic and historical-problematic methods were used. Re-search results, discussions. Periodicals are one of the most important components of any state. The interaction of the press with the state is complex and contradictory. This is largely due to the different interests and goals of these institutions. The emerging conflicts in these cases are quite normal, but it is important to have mechanisms that can solve and overcome them in the interests of society. Studying and understanding the processes of the origin of conflicts is important for preventing and understanding ways to resolve them in the future. Conclusion. In 1921, a conflict arose between political groups caused by the disregard for the agreement on the creation of the temporary capital of the Mari Autonomous Region in Kozmodemyansk. This conflict involved the editors of the Mari newspapers V.A. Mukhin and N.V. Ignatyev, who, after an extended meeting of the regional com-mittee in January 1922, were removed from their posts. This led to negative consequences for the press in the Mari Autonomous Region. In Kozmodemyansk, two newspapers were closed, including the only newspaper in the Mountain Mari language. The situation of two newspapers published in Krasnokokshaisk also worsened.
GENERAL AND SPECIFIC IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SOCIAL POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: A HISTORICAL ASPECT
UDC: 316.334.4(4)(091)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Svetlana A. Romanova; Maria S. Romanova;
Introduction. One of the important activity areas of the European Union in the context of the development of the information society is social policy. This is due to the fact that the human factor has become the driving force and basis of modern production. The digital economy requires a fundamentally new type of workforce that will determine the development of society in the future. It should be noted that the foundations of modern social policy were laid at the very beginning of the formation of the European Union and were gradually im-proved in connection with the objective factors of the development of both Europe as a whole and the EU member states. To date, the member states of the European Union successfully combine the general principles of social policy that are dictated by the supranational institutions of the European Union with their own unique characteristics due to historical practice, the mentality of peoples, and the interaction of political forces within states. The purpose of this article is to show the dialectic of the general and the particular in the implementation of social policy in the member states of the European Union, from its foundation to the present. Materials and methods. Based on the analysis of scientific literature on the implementation of social policy and the compara-tive historical method, the authors showed that the changes taking place in modern society, due to its entry into the post-industrial stage, put the problem of social protection of citizens in the first place, increasing attention to the human factor. Results, discussion. The authors of the article conclude that despite all the difficulties and contradictions in the implementation of a single social policy in the EU, which are due to the limited competence of the EU legislative and executive authorities in this area, as well as various historically established social mod-els in the participating states, it is carried out sufficiently consistently and generally firmly protects their citizens from socio-economic risks. Conclusion. The history of social policy in the European Union testifies to its con-stant transformation, driven by changes in other areas of public life. Currently, in the context of a rapid change in migration demographic processes in the EU countries, the growing digitalization of the economy, which im-poses qualitatively new requirements on workers in all industries, social policy in the European Union is gradual-ly coming to the fore and requires constant reforms. The EU leadership is aware of this and is making every ef-fort to improve it, since in the future the social sphere will have an increasing impact on the economic and politi-cal spheres and thus ultimately determine the development of society as a whole.
DEFORMATION OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OF THE NEWLY CHRISTENED PEOPLES OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY
UDC: 39:281.93:908(470.4)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Leonid A. Taymasov;
Introduction. Christianization of the peoples of the Middle Volga region was carried out from the moment of the region's annexation to the Russian state and the establishment of a special Kazan diocese. In the XVIII cen-tury a mass christening of the “Kazan unorthodox” was carried out. The newly christened, having no elemen-tary ideas about the Christian religion, were only outwardly considered Orthodox, remaining in fact pagans. The study of ethno-confessional processes in different historical epochs is of scientific interest. Purpose. Based on the analysis of sources and literature, consider the deformation of religious beliefs in the first half of the 19th century. Materials and methods. The article analyzes archival documents from the funds of the Russian State Historical Archives (RSHA), the National Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan (NART), published materials.
The research was carried out on the basis of historical-chronological, cultural-anthropological and institutional methods. Research results. The reasons for the indifference of newly christened peoples to the church and ad-herence to traditional beliefs are highlighted. The character of ethno-confessional processes under the influence of state-church measures of Christianization is shown. It is argued that in the first half of the 19th century the authorities tried to establish the newly christened in Orthodoxy relying mainly on administrative and legal measures. The cited material reflects, on the one hand, the ineffectiveness of Christianizing policy, and on the other, the stability of traditions. The newly christened ignored the norms of church life, as evidenced by the re-fusal to visit churches and perform the sacraments of Orthodoxy. Among them, local movements, rumors and rumors arose, aimed at opposing Orthodoxy and preserving popular beliefs. The manifestations of protest sen-timents became the subject of proceedings on the part of church and state institutions. Conclusion. In the first half of the XIX century the newly christened remained faithful to the traditional religion. In anti-church protests, a desire to preserve ethnic identity was manifested. However, there was a process of gradual formation of pa-gan-Orthodox syncretism and dual faith. Religious images began to combine both traditional and Christian fea-tures.
THE “THIRD SECTOR” IS GAINING THE SOCIAL SERVICES MARKET. REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH: DOZHDIKOV S.V., ZYKOVA N.N., SAFRONOVA M.V. SOCIALLY ORIENTED NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS ON THE SOCIAL SERVICES MARKET OF THE REPUBLIC OF MARI EL: DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
UDC:
Section: REVIEWS
Authors: Tatiana N Mikheeva;
Бурное развитие в России некоммерческих организаций – характерная черта двадцать первого века. Их деятельность становится все более заметной на рынке социальных услуг, который длительное время оставался традици-онной сферой государства, поскольку именно оно является ответственным за реализацию со-циальной политики. Под некоммерческими ор-ганизациями (НКО) понимаются общественные организации, создаваемые для достижения со-циальных, благотворительных, культурных, об-разовательных и т.п. целей, ставящие задачи удовлетворения духовных нематериальных по-требностей граждан или направленные на до-стижение общественных благ. В обороте для их обозначения широко применяется совре-менный термин «третий сектор» (наряду с гос-ударством и бизнесом).
CIVIL ACTIVITY AS A FACTOR OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT. REVIEW OF THE TUTORIAL: KURYACHAYA M.M. THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CIVIL ACTIVITY: MUNICIPAL LEVEL. KRASNODAR, KUBAN STATE UN-TY, 2019, 172 P.
UDC:
Section: REVIEWS
Authors: Denis S. Mikheev;
В современном российском обществе все более заметной становится гражданская актив-ность. Она обуславливается осмысленным
объединением населения с целью реализации своих прав и законных интересов, что в свою очередь оказывает влияние на развитие демо-кратического правового государства.
Данный процесс характеризуется созданием новых и модернизацией существующих меха-низмов взаимодействия граждан с органами публичной власти. Органы государственной власти
и местного самоуправления играют значитель-ную роль в институционализации гражданской активности, поскольку именно они иницииру-ют реформирование политических процессов и элементов гражданского общества.
IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL PROJECTS AT THE MUNICIPAL LEVEL: REVIEW OF THE ALL-RUSSIAN SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL ROUND TABLE HELD ON APRIL 20, 2021 IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE CITY DISTRICT "CITY OF YOSHKAR-OLA"
UDC: 342.55
Section:
Authors: Tatiana N. Mikheeva; Svetlana V. Maslova;
20 апреля 2021 года в Йошкар-Оле прошел всероссийский научно-практический круглый стол на тему «Реализация национальных проек-тов на муниципальном уровне: опыт админи-страции города Йошкар-Олы». Мероприятие прошло в администрации городского округа «Город Йошкар-Ола». Его организаторами вы-ступили администрация городского округа, ко-миссия Общественной палаты РФ по террито-риальному развитию и местному самоуправле-нию, Марийский государственный универси-тет. Мероприятие прошло в очном формате, однако для иногородних участников было обеспечено онлайн-подключение. В числе участников – представители органов местного самоуправления Йошкар-Олы, Государственно-го Собрания Республики Марий Эл, члены Об-щественной Палаты России, Общественных палат Марий Эл и Ростовской области, ректор, преподаватели и студенты Марийского госу-дарственного университета. Дискуссионная площадка объединила более 30 человек – уче-ных и практиков государственного и муни-ципального строительства.
С приветственным словом выступил предсе-датель комиссии Общественной палаты Рос-сийской Федерации по территориальному раз-витию и местному самоуправлению А.Н. Максимов, подчеркнувший актуальность обсуждаемой темы и ее новаторский характер, поскольку данная проблематика в подобном формате обсуждается впервые. Он отметил: «Несмотря на осложнения прошлого года, свя-занные с пандемией коронавирусной инфек-ции, реализация национальных проектов не остановилась. Важно, что темпы работ во мно-гих регионах были высокими. Но не менее важным является обсуждение, доведение ин-формации об их реализации, чтобы граждане знали, как произведенные огромные финансо-вые вложения влияют на нашу жизнь, на каче-ство среды, развитие экономики, предпринима-тельства. В этом смысле круглый стол с участи-ем органов местного самоуправления и обще-ственности, жителей Йошкар-Олы является хорошим примером диалога муниципальной власти и гражданского общества, посвященно-го воплощению национальных проектов в кон-кретном муниципальном образовании».