VESTNIK 3(19) 2019
- Title:
- VESTNIK 3(19) 2019
- Number:
- 3
- Year:
- 2019
- Date publication on the site:
- 2019-11-30 22:17:09
- Full journal in PDF:
-
Content all 13
PERSONNEL PROBLEM AND ATTEMPTS TO SOLVE IT IN THE PROCESS OF STATE APPARATUS FORMATION IN THE CHUVASH AUTONOMOUS REGION
UDC: 342.5:94(470.344)«1920/1922»
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Olga N. Vasilieva;
The article is aimed at discussing the process of organizing public administration in the first years
after the formation of the Chuvash Autonomous Region. The author reveals various aspects of the personnel
problem that the leadership of the newly-formed autonomy had to face during the formation of the system of state bodies of Chuvashia. Purpose: consideration of the question of how acute in the early 1920s was the problem of
lack of qualified personnel for the organization of the state apparatus in the newly formed Chuvash Autonomous
Region and what methods it was solved by. Materials and methods. The main source of evidence for the study
were documents from the Fund of the Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Red Army
Deputies of the Chuvash Autonomous Region (F. R-125), deposited in the State Historical Archive of the Chuvash
Republic. Primarily, the author used the minutes of the meetings of the presidium and plenary sessions of
the Regional Executive Committee, which was the highest executive and administrative body of the Chuvash
Republic in 1920–1925 in between the congresses of the Soviets and solved, among other things, the most
important staff problems. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of historicism, objectivity
and consistency, using historical-genetic, historical-comparative and historical-typological methods of research.
Results, discussion. The first years of the existence of the Chuvash Autonomous Region were marked by the
formation of a new political elite, mainly from national staff. This process was accompanied in the early 1920s
by frequent staff movements of the highest officials of the autonomy, as well as the combination of numerous posts
and duties in the same hands. All the most important appointments and movements of senior personnel took place
according to the preliminary recommendation of the Chuvash Regional Party Committee. The lack of qualified staff
was solved by transferring workers from one department to another; by applying to the Central authorities with
a request to send Chuvash people working in other regions of the country to the service; through strict accounting
of specialists available in the region. Conclusion. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the staff problem
in the Chuvash Autonomous Region in 1921–1922 was very acute, the state apparatus did not function in the most
effective way. At the same time, the leadership of the autonomy as a whole managed to solve the most important tasks
facing it, including overcoming the terrible famine that gripped the region at that time.
FORMATION OF IMAGES OF OTHERNESS IN AN EARLY ENGLISH MODERN IDENTITY OF THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES
UDC: 821.111+94.4/англ./
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Maksym W. Kyrchanoff;
The article is an attempt to analyze the features of the formation and development of images of the religious and
political Otherness in the history of English identity, using methods of Nationalism Studies, as well as intellectual
history and the archeology of ideas. The author analyzes the features of the formation and development of the
Other’s images in the English early modern identity of the 16th and 17th centuries. It is assumed that the images
of Otherness played an important role in the consolidation of the English identity and its transformation from
traditional and archaic identities into the identity of Englishmen as a modern political nation. The author believes
that two events, including the Reformation and the Revolution, became political incentives for the development
of the Other’s images in English identity. The religious factor stimulated the transformation of the images
of Catholics as Others into political and historical enemies of the emerging English nation. The author believes
that the images of Otherness became an invented political tradition of early English identity. It is assumed that
the Irishmen and Spaniards as Catholics became universal Others in English identity. The author believes that
the images of Muslims and Jews as Others in English identity emerged later than the negative Catholic images.
The article claims that the images of Otherness became important factors in the development of early English
identity and its consolidation.
“BRATISLAVA PERIOD” OF LIFE AND WORK OF N. O. LOSSKY
UDC: 1(091)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Elena. V. Krysova;
The article describes a short, but more than interesting period of N. O. Lossky's life and work in Bratislava
from 1942 to 1945. He was in his seventies when he arrived in Slovakia. Then he was a world-famous philosopher
as the creator of the concept of intuitive realism. Purpose: to identify the features of the “Bratislava period” of the
life path and work of N. O. Lossky. Materials and methods. Historical-biographical and descriptive methods allowed
to determine the results of scientific and creative activities of the philosopher, to study the nature of the relationship between
the philosopher and representatives of the Slovak intellectual environment. The author of the article bases the
study on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity. Results and discussions. Known in international circles,
N. O. Lossky got the opportunity to work as an ordinary professor of philosophy at the Slovak University, continued
to publish and take part in scientific life. This marked the beginning of a happier stage in his professional career:
he lectured the twenty philosophical disciplines; initiated a philosophical debate between supporters of intuitive and
critical realism, which became a part of the history of Slovak philosophy. It was in Slovakia that several works of the
famous Russian philosopher were published, soon translated into many languages. At the same time, this period was
for the philosopher a time of excitement and concern for his sons, experiencing the pain of losing his beloved wife,
faithful friend of life for forty years. In 1945, he witnessed the battles for the liberation of Bratislava from the Nazi invaders.
Thus, the article presents little-explored pages of the biography of the Russian thinker, analyzes various aspects
of his life and work in Slovakia. The author used the sources in the Slovak language in the study, which made it possible
to assess the influence of the philosopher's personality on the development of the intellectual life of the Slovak cultural
and educational society. Conclusion. The article allows you to expand the understanding of students, teachers and interested readers about the “Bratislava period” in the life and work of N.O. Lossky, about the time of completion
of his epistemological concept formation.
OUTSTANDING TEACHERS OF СRIMEA (FROM THE HISTORY OF PRE-REVOLUTIONARY EDUCATION IN CRIMEA)
UDC: 94(477.75)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: ElenaV. Novikova;
One of the central figures in the education system is the teacher. As part of the study of the regional history
of Crimea, insufficient attention has been paid to the role of educators who have made a special contribution to
education. Purpose: study of the role and personal contribution of outstanding teachers of Crimea in the development
of the state education system of the XIX – early XX centuries. Materials and methods. The article analyzes archival
materials of the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea, printed historical sources. The article discusses the formulary
lists, the protocols of pedagogical councils of educational institutions of the Crimean uyezds of the Taurida province,
which allow you to recreate a holistic picture of the labor activity of ascetics of public education, to determine the degree
of their influence on the educational process and the formation of students’ personalities. Such research methods as analysis,
synthesis, systemic, retrospective were used. Results, discussion. The analysis allows us to evaluate the contribution
of outstanding teachers to the development of public education on the peninsula. Outstanding teachers of the Crimean
uyezds of the Taurida province had a classical higher education and fundamental knowledge in subjects. They were
distinguished by diverse interests and were not limited to program teaching. Teachers of Crimea were engaged not only
in education, but also in the upbringing of students, enjoyed the respect and authority of all students of educational
institutions and were an example for their colleagues. Being highly moral people, they had a huge impact on the
formation of the student’s personality. Teachers actively participated in charity. They had insignia and deserved rewards.
Conclusion. The activities of Crimean teachers in many respects contributed to the fact that the formation of the state
education system in the Crimean uyezds was much more energetic than in the northern districts of the Taurida province.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SITUATION IN THE KOZMODEMYANSK DISTRICT OF THE KAZAN PROVINCE IN THE EARLY XX CENTURY
UDC: 94(470.343)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Aleksey G. Oshaev; Ksenofont N. Sanukov;
At the beginning of the twentieth century in Russia the symptoms of the brewing revolutionary crisis were identified.
Dissatisfaction with the existing order covered the general population. Russian reality provided numerous reasons for such discontent. The population, however, was less inclined than ever to put up with it. The main part
of the population was the peasantry, which demonstrated adherence to patriarchal traditions and orders. Socioeconomic
and political life in many places of the provincial part of the country on the eve of the first revolution has
not undergone major changes. This article examines the socio-political situation in the Kozmodemyansk district of
the Kazan province on the eve of the first Russian revolution of 1905–1907. In historical studies, this topic was not
the subject of special study. In the early XX century, certain changes began to occur in the economic, political and
social life in the agrarian provinces of the country, including the Kozmodemyansk district of the Kazan province.
During the period under review, agriculture continued to experience great difficulties. Crop failures and shortages
of bread and herbs were a chronic phenomenon. The situation of many peasant households worsened. Therefore,
the peasants, especially horseless, were forced to engage in various crafts. The industry was in the initial stage of
development. In the Kozmodemyansk district the logging industry and handicrafts mainly developed. Workers and
peasants lived hard, especially in lean and crisis years, but there was no mass discontent with their position and the
existing system in the district. However, the emerging stratification of the rural population into rich and poor and
the increasing number of low-paid workers created the ground for discontent and struggle to improve their situation.
The working class in this period remained small, disunited and disorganized, psychologically incapable of active
mass actions. An insignificant part of the emerging working class, which came mainly from peasants, could not
make serious changes in social life. There were no major peasant uprisings during this period in the district either.
At the same time, some part of the peasantry expressed dissatisfaction with their position. The main forms of peasant
protest were: deforestation, attempts to seize land, refusal to pay taxes, requirements to reduce rental payments.
The industrial crisis of 1900–1903, the plight of the Russian countryside led to an aggravation of the social and
political situation in the country. At that time revolutionary organizations became active. Expressing the interests
of the masses, they were engaged in the dissemination of revolutionary ideas, political education; conducted
political agitation among the workers. In illegal circles political literature and the works of progressive writers were
studied. The cautious activities of the members of the revolutionary circles often met inertia and misunderstanding
on the part of the population. The most receptive to ideas of a revolutionary nature was the youth, who was literate.
A few representatives of revolutionary organizations began to educate the people, explaining and revealing issues
related to politics, economics, culture. However, the coverage of the working people of the district by revolutionary
propaganda by circles and individual agitators was still insignificant. At the beginning of the twentieth century,
the socio-economic and political situation in the Kozmodemyansk district was characterized as quite stable.
FEATURES OF EDUCATION OF THE TATAR PEOPLE IN THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES
UDC: 37:93/94(=512.1)
Section: THE HUMANITIES
Authors: Vladimir B. Pomelov;
The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of education of the Tatar people in the late XIX – early XX centuries
on the example of ascetic efforts of the remarkable educators of the Tatar people - brothers Gabdulla and
Gubaidulla Nigmatullins-Bobinsky and their sister Mukhlisa. Their pedagogical and organizational activity is
one of the noteworthy pages in the history of Russian regional education. In the course of working with factual
material when writing the proposed material, the author applied axiological and regional methodological approaches,
and a number of research methods: historical-biographical, descriptive and comparative-historical, as well as a
retrospective analysis method. The Nigmatullins-Bobinsky organized in 1895 in the Tatar village of Izh-Bobya
of the Vyatka province an advanced madrasah for that time, which trained hundreds of boys and girls. At the
junction of the 19th and 20th centuries the Tatar intelligentsia adhered to two ideological trends: Kadimism (traditionalists)
and Jadidism (supporters of rapprochement with the Russian culture). The Nigmatullins-Bobinsky
belonged to the advanced wing of intelligentsia, that is, they were Jadids. Therefore, along with religious disciplines
(the Quran and others) young men and women studying at their madrasah acquired solid knowledge in the
field of Natural Sciences, studied the Russian language and literature. The madrasah became widely known,
which caused anger on the part of the Kadimists, and eventually led to its closure. The author identifies three features
of education of the Tatar people in his article: the activities of the mektebs and madrasahs, the opening of the
first schools for girls, and the private, non-state character of all these schools.The article describes in detail the
activities of the madrasah in the village of Izh-Bobya, a conclusion is drawn on the importance of the educational
efforts of the Nigmatullins-Bobinsky for the further development of the education of the Tatar people.
PROFESSOR V. M. TARASOVA AS A RESEARCHER OF DECEMBRISM
UDC: 930
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Valentina G. Sushentsova;
The year 2020 will mark 195 years since the historic events of December 14, 1825. Domestic Decembrist
studies are currently going through a difficult period of rethinking the topic, overcoming the old stereotypes
and modern reading of the research carried out in the Soviet period. Purpose. The purpose of this article is
to analyze the contribution of V. M. Tarasova to the study of the Decembrist movement. Materials and methods.
The sources used were the works of V. M. Tarasova, archival materials (her personal file, reports of the Department
of History of the Mari State Pedagogical Institute), memories of her students and colleagues. The methodological
basis of the study was the principles of objectivity and historicism, as well as the concept of “personal
history”, which allows revealing the social context of the studied era through biography facts. Results, discussion.
24-year-old graduate student of the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature (IFLI) Vera
Tarasova began to study the history of Decembrism in the late 1930s. The topic of her Candidate’s dissertation
was the socio-economic views of P. I. Pestel. Since the mid-1950s V. M. Tarasova turned to the study of the
views and activities of the Decembrist N. I. Turgenev. This later became the subject of her doctoral dissertation,
and remained the major and favorite scientific topic for the next forty years. Conclusion. Analyzing the contribution
of V. M. Tarasova to Decembrist studies, we have to state that it could be more significant if not for a
number of circumstances. First of all, it should include the influence of the dominant ideology, the huge workload
of educational and social work, a certain isolation from the scientific world, which all provincial scientists
experienced in an era when the computer and the Internet had not yet become attributes of everyday life. Today, the study of the liberal wing of Decembrism is very relevant. One can only regret that V. M. Tarasova’s doctoral
dissertation was not published as a monograph, and her numerous publications about N. I. Turgenev are not
available for researchers of Decembrism.
HOUSE CHURCH OF THE IMPERIAL KAZAN UNIVERSITY AND THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES
UDC: 9(378)”18”
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Aleksey A. Tregubov;
The end of XX – beginning of XXI century in the history of Russian education is a time of reforms and various
experiments. The Soviet system of education is being broken down, however, new subjects related to the study
of religion appear among the academic subjects. Theological and religious education is actively being revived,
house University churches are being restored. Currently, the Department of Religious Studies, which specializes
in state-confessional relations, operates at Kazan Federal University. In this regard, it is appropriate to consider
the pre-revolutionary experience of the Imperial Kazan University in the implementation of theological education
of students, as well as the history of the house University Church, the rectors of which acted as professors
of theology. The article is devoted to the history of Krestovozdvizhenskaya Church of the Imperial Kazan
University, its role as a tool for integrating the university corporation in the state policy of Russia. On the basis
of departmental documentation, archival sources stored in the Department of rare manuscripts and books of N. I. Lobachevsky Scientific Library the author examines the participation of church rectors and professors of
theology in the educational process and in university life, their function in announcing and registering important
government documents, taking professors’ oath of allegiance to the Emperor. An important point related to
the history of Krestovozdvizhenskaya Church is the clarification of the concept of “University corporate space”
in the understanding of University professors, as well as the financial situation of professors of theology
according to the University Charters of 1804, 1835, 1863 and 1884 as a factor contributing to the strengthening
of their status in the University corporation and increasing the importance of theological education among other
academic disciplines. As an omission of religious education in the 19th century at the universities in general
and at Kazan University in particular, the uncertainty of the curriculum for teaching theology, as well as the lack
of Bible study, is indicated. In this regard, the issue of the development of a unified curriculum of theology and
its relevance in Russian universities in the second half of the XIX century is raised. The article provides
information about the rectors and churchwardens of Krestovozdvizhenskaya Church, as well as about persons
associated with teaching Church history and Church law, who were teachers of the Imperial Kazan University
and Kazan Theological Academy at the same time.
INTRODUCTION OF ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGIES INTO THE RUSSIAN ELECTORAL PROCESS
UDC: 342.8
Section: LAW
Authors: Aleksandr A. Zakuskin;
The article analyzes some of the problems of introducing electronic technologies into the Russian electoral process
in terms of historical and comparative methods. The data from an authentic online survey of 150 students of
the Mari State University aged 17 to 24 are used to study the possibility of using remote voting methods based
on the results of early elections of the Head of the Republic of Mari El in September 2017, elections of the President
of the Russian Federation in March 2018 and additional election of deputies of the State Assembly of the
Republic in September 2018. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the introduction of
electronic technologies in our country, theoretically substantiate the need and feasibility of distance voting, to
identify the attitude of voters to new voting methods, and to develop proposals for improving Russian legislation in this area. The scientific novelty of this article is that it is one of the first comprehensive studies of the problems
of introducing electronic technologies into the Russian electoral process in terms of historical and comparative
methods. The article suggests various ways of introducing electronic technologies into the voting process.
For example, electronic voting using a special application that can be downloaded through the Play Market or
the election commission website. In conclusion, the author proposes to improve Russian legislation, namely,
Federal Law No. 67, the Criminal Code and the Code of Administrative Offenses regarding settlement of relations
related to remote electronic voting. In addition, the necessity of introducing into the legislative framework
governing the issues of electronic digital signatures and establishing requirements for the technical characteristics
of special voting devices are substantiated.
IMPROVEMENT OF LEGAL MECHANISMS OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL SERVANTS OF THE SUBJECT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
UDC: 35.08
Section: LAW
Authors: Larisa G. Zinovieva; Sergey V. Dergachev;
To a certain extent, the effectiveness of public affairs management depends on the quality of
the personnel involved in such management. This fully applies to the system of public administration in which
a public, legal and social institution of public service has been formed and operates. Recent new laws to ensure
the professionalism and competence of state civil servants require adequate legal mechanisms for their implementation
in the regional civil service. Some practical aspects of the formation and implementation of the legal
mechanism of personnel professional development based on state educational certificate for additional professional
education of civil servants of the Russian Federation are discussed. Purpose: to show some conceptual
approaches to the formation of the legal mechanism of the state educational certificate for additional professional
education for civil servants of the subject of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. The article used
the materials of scientific publications and sociological studies, the methods of sociological survey, analysis of documents, comparison, as well as a systematic approach to the study of the problem were applied. Results,
discussion. The conceptual apparatus has been clarified, legal mechanisms and sub-mechanisms of professional
development of civil service personnel in the subject of the Russian Federation on the basis of the state educational
certificate of additional professional education for civil servants have been identified, it is concluded that
the effectiveness of the considered legal mechanism to a certain extent depends on the legal awareness and the will
of relevant subjects of the regional state administration. Conclusion. The legal mechanism for the professional
development of state civil servants of subjects of the Russian Federation is a complex socio-legal phenomenon,
the performance of which requires careful attention not only to the purely «technical» aspects of administrativelegal
regulation, but also to the formation in the system of regional state civil service of the level of legal culture and legal awareness of personnel adequate to the goals.
ON SOME CONCEPTUAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF DIGITALIZATION
UDC: 342.9
Section: LAW
Authors: Tatiana N. Mikheeva; Irina A. Boyarintseva;
Digitalization, which has become a modern trend in social development, is most often viewed
from the standpoint of Economics and Informatization. Digital technologies are rapidly changing our lives, they
are being introduced into the economy, social sphere, affect or will soon affect many citizens (introduction of electronic
passports, sick leaves, work record books). The relevance of the study is associated with a clear lack of scientific
papers currently considering both the conceptual framework and the legal aspects of digitalization. Purpose.
The purpose of the study is to consider the concept of digitalization and the categories accompanying it, the substantive
aspects that distinguish new digital technologies from familiar information technologies. The focus is on
the legal regulation of the digital environment. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study
covers the totality of general and special methods of cognition. Among them are analysis, synthesis and analogy.
However, special legal methods (formal-legal, system-structural, comparative) were mainly used. Research results,
discussions. The study revealed a lag in the legal framework from the already existing relations in the field
of digitalization. The concept of digitalization received modern design only last year, when it acquired the status of
a National Programme. The current legal acts underlying the digitalization have been analyzed. A package of draft
Federal Laws has been examined in detail, the adoption of which is planned in an accelerated manner in order to
bring legal order into the rapidly developing social relations in the digital environment. The article has practical
significance allowing us to systematize new knowledge in the field of digital technologies, which significantly
change the relationship between people, in business, social sphere and public administration.
CENTRAL AND SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE IN THE FORCE FIELD OF THE WEST AND THE EAST: ON THE 30TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOCIALIST CAMP
UDC:
Section: CHRONICLE
Authors: Galina V. Rokina;
2019 год стал своего рода юбилейным для ря-
да стран Европейского Союза: это был год
30-летия постсоциалистического развития стран
Центральной и Юго-Восточной Европы. Комме-
моративные практики уходящего года, связан-
ные с этими датами, проявились в самых различ-
ных формах: научные конференции, демонтаж
старых памятников и установление новых, пере-
смотр прежних оценок событий 30-летней дав-
ности, новые интерпретации событий прошлого,
реинтерпретации исторических символов.
Ученые и политики искали точные определения
событиям тех лет.
PHOTOGRAPHY AS A WAY TO PRESERVE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL MEMORY
UDC:
Section: CHRONICLE
Authors: Elena V. Lezhnina;
В рамках реализации проекта «Фактор С по-
зиции культурологии фотография – вид искус-
ства, который не только позволяет фиксировать
в пространстве предметы животный, раститель-
ный мир и человека, но и имеет глубокий сим-
волический смысл, эстетическую ценность
и нередко содержит послание, которое фотограф
посредством снимка старается донести до зри-
тельской аудитории.