VESTNIK 2 (42) 2025
- Title:
- VESTNIK 2 (42) 2025
- Number:
- 2
- Year:
- 2025
- Date publication on the site:
- 2025-09-01 13:59:42
- Full journal in PDF:
-
Content all 10
Late Antique Edessa: Features of Topography and Socio-Political Structure (based on the work of J. Segala)
UDC: 94
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Irina V. Abdulmanova ; Polina S. Taranova ;
This article focuses on the unique city of Edessa, which has left a significant mark on the history of several states, including Mesopotamia, the Roman Empire, Byzantium, Syria, and Turkey. Edessa played a crucial role in the political and economic history of the Roman Empire and the Seleucid state, and it also emerged as a major cultural and religious center. It was home to one of the most significant theological schools, which held exceptional importance for the entire Christian world. The aim of this article is to identify the key characteristics of Edessa's topography and socio-political structure during the late antique period. The theoretical foundation of this study is based on the work of J. Segal, “Edessa – The Blessed City”, which serves as a comprehensive and reliable source on the history and topography of the city. Additionally, the study considers the content of the Edessan Chronicle, which has survived in a condensed form. The research employs several key methodologies: the comparative and contrastive method, the method of scientific analysis, and the method of explication. The comparative and contrastive method, along with scientific analysis, were used to develop a comprehensive understanding of the geographical location and socio-political structure of Edessa. The method of explication was employed to explain specific concepts and phenomena described in the sources, which characterize the socio-political processes typical of late antique Edessa. The article highlights the following topographical features of Edessa: a predominantly hilly terrain characteristic of a plateau, a rich water basin, and the presence of several culturally and historically significant elevations. The specificity of the socio-political structure is manifested in the pronounced hierarchy of social strata and a clear distribution of duties, reflecting the strict vertical nature of relationships among individuals occupying different positions in society. The peculiarities of the topography and socio-political structure of Edessa set it apart from other cities in the region and allowed it to become the center of attraction for a huge number of people, both from Europe and from other regions of Asia.
Enlightenment in the Turkish Republic: political and cultural legacy of the Ottoman Empire
UDC: 94
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Alexey E. Belyantsev; Dmitriy D. Ionov ;
The article explores the continuity of the Ottoman heritage in Turkey, focusing on the Tanzimat reform movement and its influence on the development of the country's political and legal system, educational system and culture in the period from 1923 to 1938. The aim of the study was to identify the extent to which the reform movement, accompanied by modernization and westernization, influenced the formation of new national institutions and cultural practices in the establishment of the Turkish Republic. Special attention was paid to analyzing the relationship between historical traditions, reformist initiatives and their impact on society. The results of the analysis show how the reforms initiated in the nineteenth century laid the foundations for the formation of the Turkish state and its national identity. In addition, the article examines the impact of European Enlightenment ideas on Turkish society and culture. The authors note that despite the break with the Ottoman heritage, many values and practices continued to exist within the new republic, indicating a deep continuity of historical processes.
Training of managerial personnel in the autonomies of the Middle Volga region in the 1920s: a review of modern historiography
UDC: 93:[35.08:331.361(470.40/.43)"192"]
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Artemy V. Zhelobanov;
The training of managerial personnel remains relevant for the development of Russian statehood, as evidenced, in particular, by the activities of the Presidential Academy under the President of the Russian Federation. This educational institution trains future management specialists, while introducing new educational standards. To avoid mistakes in the implementation of innovations, it is necessary to refer to the historical experience of training managers in the 1920s on the example of the national-territorial autonomies of the Middle Volga region. The article analyzes scientific works on the history of party studies in the following autonomous entities: Chuvash, Tatar, Mordovian, Udmurt and Mari. Articles and monographs on Chuvashia are primarily devoted to its state history, the root of the apparatus and the state of the personnel issue. Data on co-educational schools and party studies in the autonomous region are poorly presented. The topic under study has actually been developed since 2025. The scientific literature on the history of leadership training in Tatarstan is mainly related to the Tatar Communist University. Scientists ignored other party educational institutions of the republic, such as Chistopolskaya and Menzelinskaya secondary schools. In Udmurtia, information about political studies is mainly concentrated in monographs on the history of the region's state formation, its intelligentsia and human resources. The nuggets of information contain articles on Mordovia and Mari El. During the historiographical review, publications devoted to higher party educational institutions or using materials from several autonomous regions were identified. The most detailed of the first subgroup should be considered publications on the history of Zinoviev University, the Communist University of the Working People of the East and the Institute of the Red Professorship. These scientific papers are based on new archival sources. The most significant work of the second subgroup is I. M. Kornilova's dissertation on personnel training in the national regions of the Volga region. The historiographical reviews by F. N. Kharina and E. Yu. Shcherbina can be considered useful for the research topic. The result of this review was the identification of the main gaps in the topic under study, which is currently poorly understood. The scientific works of the studied autonomies are characterized by fragmentary information. The works that are directly devoted to the history of managerial personnel are modestly presented.
“Marivedenie” in the Mari branch of the Eastern Teachers Training Institute
UDC: 378.4
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Olga V. Kozlova;
Before the opening of the Pedagogical Institute in Yoshkar-Ola, the Mari branch of the Eastern Teachers Training Institute played an important role in the training of national pedagogical personnel. An additional task was to train specialists on the basis of the national department who will study the geography, language, culture and history of Mari for its further development. The purpose of the study is to identify the role of the Mari branch in the formation of “Marivedenie” as a complex of sciences studying the Mari people. The research is based on the materials of the foundation P1487 “Kazan Pedagogical Institute” and the Foundation P3682 “Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Tatarstan” of the State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan. The research methods are historiographical analysis of the problem, ideographic, factual, chronological methods. The article analyzes the main problems faced by the Mari branch: lack of funding, students, and educational materials. The achievements have been identified, which include close cooperation between the teaching staff and students, the gradual formation of a scientific school. The contribution of famous scientists who stood at the origins of educational activities among the peoples of the Volga region is determined. The Mari branch played a significant role in the formation of “Marivedenie”, laying the foundations for a comprehensive study of the Mari people. Although, from the point of view of the Soviet government, the development of national cultures, languages and the national education system was conditioned by the needs of the national economy and socialist construction, it is impossible not to note the positive attitude that underlay this activity. The comprehensive study of Mari, which began in the Mari branch, makes it possible to say that “Marivedenie”, being a construct of a certain historical period, took place.
Historical traditions of formation and activity of local self-government bodies in Russia: scientific and theoretical concepts
UDC: 352
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Valentin V. Kudryavtsev;
The reform of the institution of local self-government is currently underway in Russia. In the context of the modern challenges facing the Russian statehood, the importance of referring to the experience of its historical traditions is increasing. The domestic traditions of local self-government also belong to this experience. The purpose is a comprehensive and comprehensive study of the national historical experience of local self-government, identifying its most significant elements to determine the understanding of the traditions of this institution in Russia and identify the possibilities of using the national historical experience of local self-government at the present stage. The work examines the materials of Russian researchers in the field of constitutional and municipal law, historians of state and law, regulations, archival and statistical data. Both general scientific and special legal, scientific legal research methods are used. Historical, sociological, and comparative methods are used from general scientific research methods. Of the special methods, the methods of comparative law and interpretation of law are used in the work. The paper examines and analyzes various historical periods of formation and development of local self-government. Individual features and patterns are noted, indicating certain domestic traditions of local self-government, their place in the general system of domestic traditional values and some patterns of development of the institution of local self-government in Russia. Based on a comprehensive study of Russian historical traditions and patterns of local government development in Russia, it is concluded that there are special, distinctive features of local government in the country and opportunities to use positive practical experience in the development of local government institutions in various historical periods of the development of Russian statehood.
The role of public holidays in the life of the population of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the Great Patriotic War (according to the materials of the newspaper “Mari Truth”)
UDC: 94(47).084.8(470.343)-053.6
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Anastasia S. Ladina;
The Great Patriotic War became a catastrophic ordeal for people, and against this background, the holidays acquired special significance. They became symbols of unity and collective spirit, which was necessary to overcome the difficulties of wartime. These events brought people closer to the common cause, motivating them to work hard. Unifying events such as rallies, demonstrations, and gatherings served as an arena for public displays of patriotism, as well as an opportunity for people to express their feelings and support for the front. This festive atmosphere saturated people's daily lives, helping to distract them from the horrors of war, at least for a while. Newspapers have become platforms for the dissemination of official propaganda. Their materials shaped public opinion, emphasizing how important public holidays were. Each article published in the newspaper «Mariiskaya Pravda» aimed not only to inform, but also to inspire, to give confidence in the invincibility of the Soviet people. Publications about cultural events, holidays and gatherings contributed to the formation of a sense of belonging to the great cause, strengthening faith in the final victory. The war required not only material resources, but also moral support, and the holidays became the very pillar on which the hope of millions of people rested. The purpose of the work is to consider the role of public holidays during the Great Patriotic War in the Mari ASSR on the basis of publications in the newspaper «Mariiskaya Pravda » of the war period. The basis for writing the work was the newspaper «Mariiskaya Pravda» from June 1941 to June 1945. The article uses general scientific methods (analysis, comparison, description) and special historical methods (historical-comparative, historical-genetic). Holidays during the Great Patriotic War had a significant impact on society. They have become a significant part of not only the cultural, but also the social life of the country, supporting the spirit and resilience of the people in the most difficult trials.
Topographic markers of the underworld of the ancient Romans of the imperial era (according to Roman authors)
UDC: 93/94
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Yulia S. Obidina;
The geography of Roman Hades is defined by scholars exclusively as a product of Greek origin. Roman sources were interpreted exclusively in accordance with their supposed Greek models, with the result that the natural or architectural elements of Hades mentioned in Latin sources did not receive the attention they deserved from researchers. Purpose: based on the analysis of written sources from the period of the early empire, to identify the features of the Roman tradition itself in the description of the topographical features of Hades. The empirical basis of the study is the texts of Latin authors written between the second half of the 1st century BC and the end of the 2nd century AD, which emphasize the peculiarities of Roman views on the topographic features of the afterlife and elements of continuity with the Greek tradition. The methods used are historical reconstruction, as well as hermeneutic and comparative analysis of the ancient written tradition. The reconstruction of the topography of the kingdom of Hades shows that the actual Roman tradition must be sought in the description of Orcus, which represents a bridge between the worlds of the living and the dead, and is mainly characterized by its nature as a transition zone. The focus on borrowing ideas about the afterlife from the Greeks prevented researchers from recognizing Orcus as a proper and autonomous region of the Underworld, accepting it as an insignificant feature of Hades in the Roman tradition. However, Orcus was perceived and depicted as an independent region, marked by clear boundaries; its very name refers to a chthonic deity and is used exclusively to designate the antechamber of Hades and is never associated with other regions in the Underworld. The eschatological values of Roman society depended on the topographic structure of the afterlife. The reconstruction of the topography of the underworld allows us to show the importance of the original Roman contribution to the topographic arrangement of Hades, leveling out the supposed direct origin of this image from the Greek tradition.
Mari State Pedagogical Institute named after N. K. Krupskaya in the first post-war years
UDC: 378.6(470.343)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Aleksey G. Oshaev;
This article examines the difficult first post-war years in the work of the Mari State Pedagogical Institute named after N. K. Krupskaya. Despite the difficulties, the institute continued to train personnel in the new conditions. At that time, the staff of teachers and students was replenished with veterans of the Great Patriotic War, who had an authoritative influence on the formation of teaching staff at the institute. The period under review has received little reflection in Russian historiography, therefore, an attempt has been made to add new pages to the history of the institute. Purpose: to study the work of the Institute in the post-war period to improve the educational, methodological, research and educational activities of the Institute, to determine the contribution of the institute's leaders and teachers to the training of teaching staff, to identify successes and achievements in these areas. When preparing the article, data from personal funds stored in the archive of the Mari State University, as well as reports on the institute's activities for the period under review, located in the State Archive of the Republic of Mari El, were used as a source base. The paper presents published materials and scientific literature on the history of the institute. The article is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity using methods of analysis, comparison, and description. In the post–war years, in difficult and difficult conditions, the institute continued to fulfill its main mission - teacher training. The directors of the institute were experienced leaders F. A. Furgin, N. I. Sherdakov, A. F. Yarygin, who, together with the teaching staff, made a great contribution to the progressive development of the university. Many heads of the institute and teachers in the post-war years were veterans. The former veterans, hardened in the battles for their Homeland, brought a new stream to the educational process. The growth of scientific qualifications of teaching staff contributed to improving the quality of training of future teachers, improving educational and research work.
Activities of Higher and Secondary Educational Institutions of the Ulyanovsk Region in 1947‒1952 (based on the materials of the State Archive of the Modern History of the Ulyanovsk Region)
UDC: 093/94.37(470)
Section: HISTORY
Authors: Artyom V. Filatov;
In the post-war reconstruction period of the national economy and the development of new sectors of the economy increasingly required skilled workers and specialists, therefore, no less important importance was attached to the public education system. In order to resolve the problems and issues that have arisen, the party and state bodies have focused on technical and scientific specialties, as well as on teaching staff, and therefore the study of historical experience is becoming particularly relevant in modern conditions. The article analyzes the current admission and admission campaign, the quality of school graduates, and the results of university entrance exams, the quality of qualified specialists being graduated, as well as the specialties in demand and the number of specialists graduating from them. In addition, an attempt has been made to create a retrospective picture based on materials containing information about the field of public education for the 1947‒1952 academic year: on the work of educational institutions, schools, colleges, universities, special secondary educational institutions, on work with teaching staff, and on the staffing of teaching staff in public education institutions. The purpose of the study: to show the activities of higher and secondary educational institutions, to analyze educational work, as well as to study the historical experience of personnel training by Ulyanovsk institutes of higher education in the post-war years. The methodological basis of the article was based on a set of general scientific, special historical principles and methods of scientific research. The use of descriptive-narrative, problem-chronological, comparative-historical, historical-system methods and statistical analysis gave us the opportunity to study more deeply the features of teacher training in the post-war decade. The main source of the article is archival documents from the State Archive of the Modern History of the Ulyanovsk region (GANI UO). F. 8. Op. 10. D. 316, 319. Op. 8. D. 403, 402) and a small number of and the State Archive of the Ulyanovsk region (GAO). F. R-2326. Op. 2. D. 308, 344), which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
A SCIENTIST WHO STUDIED THE INCREDIBLE WEALTH AND GREATNESS OF THE NATIVE LANGUAGE (ON THE 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF PROFESSOR I. G. IVANOV)
UDC: 378.4(470.343):81-11
Section: CHRONICLE
Authors: Vitaly T. Mikhailov;
May 15, 2025 marks the 90th anniversary of the birth of Doctor of Philological Sciences (1975), Professor (1981), Full Member of the Academy of Humanities (Academician, 1994), Honored Worker of Higher Education of the Russian Federation (2002), Honored Scientist of the Mari ASSR (1979), Foreign Member of the Finno-Ugric Society (1983, Finland), Knight of the Order of the Cross of Maryamaa, fourth degree, of the Republic of Estonia (2006) Ivanov Ivan Grigorievich